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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:gracian y morales:b7ace11ef2d7",
    "title": "GRACIAN Y MORALES",
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    "verified_text": "gracian y morales, baltasar (1601-1658), spanish prose writer, was born at calatayud (aragon) on the 8th of january 1601. little is known of his personal history except that on may 14, 1619, he entered the society of jesus, and that ultimately he became rector of the jesuit college at tarazona, where he died on the 6th of december, 1658. his principal works are _el heroe_ (1630), which describes in apophthegmatic phrases the qualities of the ideal man; the _arte de ingenio, tratado de la agudeza_ (1642), republished six years afterwards under the title of _agudeza, y arte de ingenio_ (1648), a system of rhetoric in which the principles of _conceptismo_ as opposed to culteranismo are inculcated; _el discreto_ (1645), a delineation of the typical courtier; _el oraculo manual y arte de prudencia_ (1647), a system of rules for the conduct of life; and _el criticon_ (1651-1653-1657), an ingenious philosophical allegory of human existence. the only publication which bears gracian's name is _el comulgatorio_ (1655); his more important books were issued under the pseudonym of lorenzo gracian (possibly a brother of the writer) or under the anagram of gracian de marlones. gracian was punished for publishing without his superior's permission _el criticon_ (in which defoe is alleged to have found the germ of _robinson crusoe_); but no objection was taken to its substance. he has been excessively praised by schopenhauer, whose appreciation of the author induced him to translate the _oraculo manual_, and he has been unduly depreciated by ticknor and others. he is an acute thinker and observer, misled by his systematic misanthropy and by his fantastic literary theories. see karl borinski, _baltasar gracian und die hoflitteratur in deutschland_ (halle, 1894); benedetto croce, _i trattatisti italiani del \"concettismo\" e baltasar gracian_ (napoli, 1899); narciso jose linan y heredia, _baltasar gracian_ (madrid, 1902). schopenhauer and joseph jacobs have respectively translated the _oraculo manual_ into german and english. grackle (lat. _gracculus_ or _graculus_), a word much used in ornithology, generally in a vague sense, though restricted to members of the families _sturnidae_ belonging to the old world and _icteridae_ belonging to the new. of the former those to which it has been most commonly applied are the species known as mynas, mainas, and minors of india and the adjacent countries, and especially the _gracula religiosa_ of linnaeus, who, according to jerdon and others, was probably led to confer this epithet upon it by confounding it with the _sturnus_ or _acridotheres tristis_,[1] which is regarded by the hindus as sacred to ram deo, one of their deities, while the true _gracula religiosa_ does not seem to be anywhere held in veneration. this last is about 10 in. in length, clothed in a plumage of glossy black, with purple and green reflections, and a conspicuous patch of white on the quill-feathers of the wings. the bill is orange and the legs yellow, but the bird's most characteristic feature is afforded by the curious wattles of bright yellow, which, beginning behind the eyes, run backwards in form of a lappet on each side, and then return in a narrow stripe to the top of the head. beneath each eye also is a bare patch of the same colour. this species is common in southern india, and is represented farther to the north, in ceylon, burma, and some of the malay islands by cognate forms. they are all frugivorous, and, being easily tamed and learning to pronounce words very distinctly, are favourite cage-birds.[2] [illustration: _gracula religiosa._] in america the name grackle has been applied to several species of the genera _scolecophagus_ and _quiscalus_, though these are more commonly called in the united states and canada \"blackbirds,\" and some of them \"boat-tails.\" they all belong to the family _icteridae_. the best known of these are the rusty grackle, _s. ferrugineus_, which is found in almost the whole of north america, and _q. purpureus_, the purple grackle or crow-blackbird, of more limited range, for though abundant in most parts to the east of the rocky mountains, it seems not to appear on the pacific side. there is also brewer's or the blue-headed grackle, _s. cyanocephalus_, which has a more western range, not occurring to the eastward of kansas and minnesota. a fourth species, _q. major_, inhabits the atlantic states as far north as north carolina. all these birds are of exceedingly omnivorous habit, and though destroying large numbers of pernicious insects are in many places held in bad repute from the mischief they do to the corn-crops. (a. n.) footnotes: [1] by some writers the birds of the genera _acridotheres_ and _temenuchus_ are considered to be the true mynas, and the species of _gracula_ are called \"hill mynas\" by way of distinction. [2] for a valuable monograph on the various species of _gracula_ and its allies see professor schlegel's \"bijdrage tot de kennis von het geschlacht beo'\" (_nederlandsch tijdschrift voor de dierkunde_ i. 1-9).",
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