GOURD

gourd, a name given to various plants of the order _cucurbitaceae_, especially those belonging to the genus _cucurbita_, monoecious trailing herbs of annual duration, with long succulent stems furnished with tendrils, and large, rough, palmately-lobed leaves; the flowers are generally large and of a bright yellow or orange colour, the barren ones with the stamens united; the fertile are followed by the large succulent fruit that gives the gourds their chief economic value. many varieties of _cucurbita_ are under cultivation in tropical and temperate climates, especially in southern asia; but it is extremely difficult to refer them to definite specific groups, on account of the facility with which they hybridize; while it is very doubtful whether any of the original forms now exist in the wild state. charles naudin, who made a careful and interesting series of observations upon this genus, came to the conclusion that all varieties known in european gardens might be referred to six original species; probably three, or at most four, have furnished the edible kinds in ordinary cultivation. adopting the specific names usually given to the more familiar forms, the most important of the gourds, from an economic point of view, is perhaps _c. maxima_, the _potiron jaune_ of the french, the red and yellow gourd of british gardeners (fig. 6), the spheroidal fruit of which is remarkable for its enormous size: the colour of the somewhat rough rind varies from white to bright yellow, while in some kinds it remains green; the fleshy interior is of a deep yellow or orange tint. this valuable gourd is grown extensively in southern asia and europe. in turkey and asia minor it yields, at some periods of the year, an important article of diet to the people; immense quantities are sold in the markets of constantinople, where in the winter the heaps of one variety with a white rind are described as resembling mounds of snowballs. the yellow kind attains occasionally a weight of upwards of 240 lb. it grows well in central europe and the united states, while in the south of england it will produce its gigantic fruit in perfection in hot summers. the yellow flesh of this gourd and its numerous varieties yields a considerable amount of nutriment, and is the more valuable as the fruit can be kept, even in warm climates, for a long time. in france and in the east it is much used in soups and ragouts, while simply boiled it forms a substitute for other table vegetables; the taste has been compared to that of a young carrot. in some countries the larger kinds are employed as cattle food. the seeds yield by expression a large quantity of a bland oil, which is used for the same purposes as that of the poppy and olive. the "mammoth" gourds of english and american gardeners (known in america as squashes) belong to this species. the pumpkin (summer squash of america) is _cucurbita pepo_. some of the varieties of _c. maxima_ and pepo contain a considerable quantity of sugar, amounting in the sweetest kinds to 4 or 5%, and in the hot plains of hungary efforts have been made to make use of them as a commercial source of sugar. the young shoots of both these large gourds may be given to cattle, and admit of being eaten as a green vegetable when boiled. the vegetable marrow is a variety (_ovifera_) of _c. pepo_. many smaller gourds are cultivated in india and other hot climates, and some have been introduced into english gardens, rather for the beauty of their fruit and foliage than for their esculent qualities. among these is _c. pepo_ var. _aurantia_, the orange gourd, bearing a spheroidal fruit, like a large orange in form and colour; in britain it is generally too bitter to be palatable, though applied to culinary purposes in turkey and the levant. _c. pepo_ var. _pyriformis_ and var. _verrucosa_, the warted gourds, are likewise occasionally eaten, especially in the immature state; and _c. moschata_ (musk melon) is very extensively cultivated throughout india by the natives, the yellow flesh being cooked and eaten. [illustration: photographed from specimens in the british museum. group of gourds. 1-5. various forms of bottle gourd, _lagenaria vulgaris_. 6. giant gourd, _cucurbita maxima_.] the bottle-gourds are placed in a separate genus, _lagenaria_, chiefly differing from _cucurbita_ in the anthers being free instead of adherent. the bottle-gourd properly so-called, _l. vulgaris_, is a climbing plant with downy, heart-shaped leaves and beautiful white flowers: the remarkable fruit (figs. 1-5) first begins to grow in the form of an elongated cylinder, but gradually widens towards the extremity, until, when ripe, it resembles a flask with a narrow neck and large rounded bulb; it sometimes attains a length of 7 ft. when ripe, the pulp is removed from the neck, and the interior cleared by leaving water standing in it; the woody rind that remains is used as a bottle: or the lower part is cut off and cleared out, forming a basin-like vessel applied to the same domestic purposes as the calabash (_crescentia_) of the west indies: the smaller varieties, divided lengthwise, form spoons. the ripe fruit is apt to be bitter and cathartic, but while immature it is eaten by the arabs and turks. when about the size of a small cucumber, it is stuffed with rice and minced meat, flavoured with pepper, onions, &c., and then boiled, forming a favourite dish with eastern epicures. the elongated snake-gourds of india and china (_trichosanthes_) are used in curries and stews. all the true gourds have a tendency to secrete the cathartic principle _colocynthin_, and in many varieties of _cucurbita_ and the allied genera it is often elaborated to such an extent as to render them unwholesome, or even poisonous. the seeds of several species therefore possess some anthelmintic properties; those of the common pumpkin are frequently administered in america as a vermifuge. the cultivation of gourds began far beyond the dawn of history, and the esculent species have become so modified by culture that the original plants from which they have descended can no longer be traced. the abundance of varieties in india would seem to indicate that part of asia as the birthplace of the present edible forms; but some appear to have been cultivated in all the hotter regions of that continent, and in north africa, from the earliest ages, while the romans were familiar with at least certain kinds of _cucurbita_, and with the bottle-gourd. _cucurbita pepo_, the source of many of the american forms, is probably a native of that continent. most of the annual gourds may be grown successfully in britain. they are usually raised in hotbeds or under frames, and planted out in rich soil in the early summer as soon as the nights become warm. the more ornamental kinds may be trained over trellis-work, a favourite mode of displaying them in the east; but the situation must be sheltered and sunny. even _lagenaria_ will sometimes produce fine fruit when so treated in the southern counties. for an account of these cultivations in england see paper by mr j. w. odell, "gourds and cucurbits," in _journ. royal hort. soc._ xxix. 450 (1904).