GONZALEZ-CARVAJAL

gonzalez-carvajal, tomas jose (1753-1834), spanish, poet and statesman, was born at seville in 1753. he studied at the university of seville, and took the degree of ll.d. at madrid. he obtained an office in the financial department of the government; and in 1795 was made intendant of the colonies which had just been founded in sierra morena and andalusia. during 1809-1811 he held an intendancy in the patriot army. he became, in 1812, director of the university of san isidro; but having offended the government by establishing a chair of international law, he was imprisoned for five years (1815-1820). the revolution of 1820 reinstated him, but the counter-revolution of three years later forced him into exile. after four years he was allowed to return, and he died, in 1834, a member of the supreme council of war. gonzalez-carvajal enjoyed european fame as author of metrical translations of the poetical books of the bible. to fit himself for this work he commenced the study of hebrew at the age of fifty-four. he also wrote other works in verse and prose, avowedly taking luis de leon as his model. see biographical notice in _biblioteca de rivadeneyra_, vol. lxvii., _poetas del siglo 18_. gonzalo de berceo (c. 1180-c. 1246), the earliest castilian poet whose name is known to us, was born at berceo, a village in the neighbourhood of calahorra in the province of logrono. in 1221 he became a deacon and was attached, as a secular priest, to the benedictine monastery of san millan de la cogolla, in the diocese of calahorra. his name is to be met with in a number of documents between the years 1237 and 1246. he wrote upwards of 13,000 verses, all on devotional subjects. his best work is a life of st oria; others treat of the life of st millan, of st dominic of silos, of the sacrifice of the mass, the martyrdom of st laurence, the visible signs preceding the last judgment, the praises of our lady, the miracles of our lady and the lamentations of the virgin on the passion of her son. he writes in the common tongue, the _roman paladino_, and his claim to the name of poet rests on his use of the _cuaderna via_ (single-rhymed quatrains, each verse being of fourteen syllables). sometimes, however, he takes the more modest title of _juglar_ (_jongleur_), when claiming payment for his poems. his literary attainments are not great, and he lacks imagination and animation of style, but he has a certain eloquence, and in speaking of the virgin and the saints a certain charm, while his verse bears at times the imprint of a passionate devotion, recalling the lyrical style of the great spanish mystics. there is, however, a very strong popular element in his writings, which explains his long vogue. the great majority of his legends of the virgin are obviously borrowed from the collection of a frenchman, gautier de coinci; but he has succeeded in making this material entirely his own by reason of a certain conciseness and a realism in detail which make his work far superior to the tedious and colourless narrative of his model. his _poesias_ are in the _biblioteca de autores espanoles_ of rivadeneyra, vol. lvii. (1864); _la vida de san domingo de silos_ has been edited by j. d. fitzgerald (paris, 1904; see the _bibliotheque de l'ecole des hautes etudes_, part 149); see also f. fernandez y gonzalez in the _razon_ (vol. i., madrid, 1860); n. hergueta, "documentos referentes a gonzalo de berceo," in the _revista de archivos_, (3rd series, feb.-march, 1904, pp. 178-179). (p. a.)