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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:glanders:badc4c63dd18",
    "title": "GLANDERS",
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    "verified_text": "glanders, or farcy (_equinia_), a specific infective and contagious disease, caused by a tissue parasite (_bacillus mallei_), to which certain animals, chiefly the horse, ass and mule, are liable, and which is communicable from them to man. glanders in the domesticated animals is dealt with under veterinary science; it is happily a rare form of disease in man, there being evidently less affinity for its development in the human subject than in the equine species. for the pathology see the article parasitic diseases. it occurs chiefly among those who from their occupation are frequently in contact with horses, such as grooms, coachmen, cavalry soldiers, veterinary surgeons, &c.; the bacillus is communicated from a glandered animal either through a wound or scratch or through application to the mucous membrane of the nose or mouth. a period of incubation, lasting from three to five days, generally follows the introduction of the virus into the human system. this period, however, appears sometimes to be of much longer duration, especially where there has been no direct inoculation of the poison. the first symptoms are a general feeling of illness, accompanied with pains in the limbs and joints resembling those of acute rheumatism. if the disease has been introduced by means of an abraded surface, pain is felt at that point, and inflammatory swelling takes place there, and extends along the neighbouring lymphatics. an ulcer is formed at the point of inoculation which discharges an offensive ichor, and blebs appear in the inflamed skin, along with diffuse abscesses, as in phlegmonous erysipelas. sometimes the disease stops short with these local manifestations, but more commonly goes on rapidly accompanied with symptoms of grave constitutional disturbance. over the whole surface of the body there appear numerous red spots or pustules, which break and discharge a thick mucous or sanguineous fluid. besides these there are larger swellings lying deeper in the subcutaneous tissue, which at first are extremely hard and painful, and to which the term farcy \"buds\" or \"buttons\" is applied. these ultimately open and become extensive sloughing ulcers. the mucous membranes participate in the same lesions as are present in the skin, and this is particularly the case with the interior of the nose, where indeed, in many instances, the disease first of all shows itself. this organ becomes greatly swollen and inflamed, while from one or both nostrils there exudes a copious discharge of highly offensive purulent or sanguineous matter. the lining membrane of the nostrils is covered with papules similar in character to those on the skin, which form ulcers, and may lead to the destruction of the cartilaginous and bony textures of the nose. the diseased action extends into the throat, mouth and eyes, while the whole face becomes swollen and erysipelatous, and the lymphatic glands under the jaws inflame and suppurate. not unfrequently the bronchial tubes become affected, and cough attended with expectoration of matter similar to that discharged from the nose is the consequence. the general constitutional symptoms are exceedingly severe, and advance with great rapidity, the patient passing into a state of extreme prostration. in the acute form of the disease recovery rarely if ever occurs, and the case generally terminates fatally in a period varying from two or three days to as many weeks. a chronic form of glanders and farcy is occasionally met with, in which the symptoms, although essentially the same as those above described, advance much more slowly, and are attended with relatively less urgent constitutional disturbance. cases of recovery from this form are on record; but in general the disease ultimately proves fatal by exhaustion of the patient, or by a sudden supervention, which is apt to occur, of the acute form. on the other hand, acute glanders is never observed to become chronic. in the treatment of this malady in human beings reliance is mainly placed on the maintenance of the patient's strength by strong nourishment and tonic remedies. cauterization should be resorted to if the point of infection is early known. abscesses may be opened and antiseptic lotions used. in all cases of the outbreak of glanders it is of the utmost consequence to prevent the spread of the disease by the destruction of affected animals and the cleansing and disinfection of infected localities. glanvill (or glanvil), joseph (1636-1680); english philosopher, was born at plymouth in 1636, and was educated at exeter and lincoln colleges, oxford, where he graduated as m.a. in 1658. after the restoration he was successively rector of wimbush, essex, vicar of frome selwood, somersetshire, rector of streat and walton. in 1666 he was appointed to the abbey church, bath; in 1678 he became prebendary of worcester cathedral, and acted as chaplain in ordinary to charles ii. from 1672. he died at bath in november 1680. glanvill's first work (a passage in which suggested the theme of matthew arnold's _scholar gipsy_), _the vanity of dogmatizing, or confidence in opinions, manifested in a discourse of the shortness and uncertainty of our knowledge, and its causes, with reflexions on peripateticism, and an apology for philosophy_ (1661), is interesting as showing one special direction in which the new method of the cartesian philosophy might be developed. pascal had already shown how philosophical scepticism might be employed as a bulwark for faith, and glanvill follows in the same track. the philosophic endeavour to cognize the whole system of things by referring all events to their causes appears to him to be from the outset doomed to failure. for if we inquire into this causal relation we find that though we know isolated facts, we cannot perceive any such connexion between them as that the one should give rise to the other. in the words of hume, \"they seem conjoined but never connected.\" all causes then are but secondary, i.e. merely the occasions on which the one first cause operates. it is singular enough that glanvill who had not only shown, but even exaggerated, the infirmity of human reason, himself provided an example of its weakness; for, after having combated scientific dogmatism, he not only yielded to vulgar superstitions, but actually endeavoured to accredit them both in his revised edition of the _vanity of dogmatizing_, published as _scepsis scientifica_ (1665, ed. rev. john owen, 1885), and in his _philosophical considerations concerning the existence of sorcerers and sorcery_ (1666). the latter work appears to have been based on the story of the drum which was alleged to have been heard every night in a house in wiltshire (tedworth, belonging to a mr mompesson), a story which made much noise in the year 1663, and which is supposed to have furnished addison with the idea of his comedy the _drummer_. at his death glanvill left a piece entitled _sadducismus triumphatus_ (printed in 1681, reprinted with some additions in 1682, german trans. 1701). he had there collected twenty-six relations or stories of the same description as that of the drum, in order to establish, by a series of facts, the opinion which he had expressed in his _philosophical considerations_. glanvill supported a much more honourable cause when he undertook the defence of the royal society of london, under the title of _plus ultra, or the progress and advancement of science since the time of aristotle_ (1668), a work which shows how thoroughly he was imbued with the ideas of the empirical method. besides the works already noticed, glanvill wrote _lux orientalis_ (1662); _philosophia pia_ (1671); _essays on several important subjects in philosophy and religion_ (1676); _an essay concerning preaching; and sermons_. see c. remusat, _hist. de la phil. en angleterre_, bk. iii. ch. xi.; w. e. h. lecky, _rationalism in europe_ (1865), i. 120-128; hallam's _literature of europe_, iii. 358-362; tulloch's _rational theology_, ii. 443-455.",
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