GILLYFLOWER

gillyflower, a popular name applied to various flowers, but principally to the clove, _dianthus caryophyllus_, of which the carnation is a cultivated variety, and to the stock, _matthiola incana_, a well-known garden favourite. the word is sometimes written gilliflower or gilloflower, and is reputedly a corruption of july-flower, "so called from the month they blow in." henry phillips (1775-1838); in his _flora historica_, remarks that turner (1568) "calls it gelouer, to which he adds the word stock, as we would say gelouers that grow on a stem or stock, to distinguish them from the clove-gelouers and the wall-gelouers. gerard, who succeeded turner, and after him parkinson, calls it gilloflower, and thus it travelled from its original orthography until it was called july-flower by those who knew not whence it was derived." dr prior, in his useful volume on the _popular names of british plants_, very distinctly shows the origin of the name. he remarks that it was "formerly spelt gyllofer and gilofre with the _o_ long, from the french _giroflee_, italian _garofalo_ (m. lat. _gariofilum_), corrupted from the latin _caryophyllum_, and referring to the spicy odour of the flower, which seems to have been used in flavouring wine and other liquors to replace the more costly clove of india. the name was originally given in italy to plants of the pink tribe, especially the carnation, but has in england been transferred of late years to several cruciferous plants." the gillyflower of chaucer and spenser and shakespeare was, as in italy, _dianthus caryophyllus_; that of later writers and of gardeners, _matthiola_. much of the confusion in the names of plants has doubtless arisen from the vague use of the french terms _giroflee_, _oeillet_ and _violette_, which were all applied to flowers of the pink tribe, but in england were subsequently extended and finally restricted to very different plants. the use made of the flowers to impart a spicy flavour to ale and wine is alluded to by chaucer, who writes: "and many a clove gilofre to put in ale"; also by spenser, who refers to them by the name of sops in wine, which was applied in consequence of their being steeped in the liquor. in both these cases, however, it is the clove-gillyflower which is intended, as it is also in the passage from gerard, in which he states that the conserve made of the flowers with sugar "is exceeding cordiall, and wonderfully above measure doth comfort the heart, being eaten now and then." the principal other plants which bear the name are the wallflower, _cheiranthus cheiri_, called wall-gillyflower in old books; the dame's violet, _hesperis matronalis_, called variously the queen's, the rogue's and the winter gillyflower; the ragged-robin, _lychnis flos-cuculi_, called marsh-gillyflower and cuckoo-gillyflower; the water-violet, _hottonia palustris_, called water-gillyflower; and the thrift, _armeria vulgaris_, called sea-gillyflower. as a separate designation it is nowadays usually applied to the wallflower.