GILBERT

gilbert, nicolas joseph laurent (1751-1780), french poet, was born at fontenay-le-chateau in lorraine in 1751. having completed his education at the college of dole, he devoted himself for a time to a half-scholastic, half-literary life at nancy, but in 1774 he found his way to the capital. as an opponent of the encyclopaedists and a panegyrist of louis xv., he received considerable pensions. he died in paris on the 12th of november 1780 from the results of a fall from his horse. the satiric force of one or two of his pieces, as _mon apologie_ (1778) and _le dix-huitieme siecle_ (1775), would alone be sufficient to preserve his reputation, which has been further increased by modern writers, who, like alfred de vigny in his _stello_ (chaps. 7-13), considered him a victim to the spite of his philosophic opponents. his best-known verses are the _ode imitee de plusieurs psaumes_, usually entitled adieux a la vie. among his other works may be mentioned _les familles de darius et d'eridame, histoire persane_ (1770), _le carnaval des auteurs_ (1773), _odes nouvelles et patriotiques_ (1775). gilbert's _oeuvres completes_ were first published in 1788, and they have since been edited by mastrella (paris, 1823), by charles nodier (1817 or 1825), and by m. de lescure (1882). gilbert (or gylberde), william (1544-1603), the most distinguished man of science in england during the reign of queen elizabeth, and the father of electric and magnetic science, was a member of an ancient suffolk family, long resident in clare, and was born on the 24th of may 1544 at colchester, where his father, hierome gilbert, became recorder. educated at colchester school, he entered st john's college, cambridge, in 1558, and after taking the degrees of b.a. and m.a. in due course, graduated m.d. in 1569, in which year he was elected a senior fellow of his college. soon afterwards he left cambridge, and after spending three years in italy and other parts of europe, settled in 1573 in london, where he practised as a physician with "great success and applause." he was admitted to the college of physicians probably about 1576, and from 1581 to 1590 was one of the censors. in 1587 he became treasurer, holding the office till 1592, and in 1589 he was one of the committee appointed to superintend the preparation of the _pharmacopoeia londinensis_ which the college in that year decided to issue, but which did not actually appear till 1618. in 1597 he was again chosen treasurer, becoming at the same time consiliarius, and in 1599 he succeeded to the presidency. two years later he was appointed physician to queen elizabeth, with the usual emolument of l100 a year. after this time he seems to have removed to the court, vacating his residence, wingfield house, which was on peter's hill, between upper thames street and little knightrider street, and close to the house of the college of physicians. on the death of the queen in 1603 he was reappointed by her successor; but he did not long enjoy the honour, for he died, probably of the plague, on the 30th of november (10th of december, n.s.) 1603, either in london or in colchester. he was buried in the latter town, in the chancel of holy trinity church, where a monument was erected to his memory. to the college of physicians he left his books, globes, instruments and minerals, but they were destroyed in the great fire of london. gilbert's principal work is his treatise on magnetism, entitled _de magnete, magneticisque corporibus, et de magno magnete tellure_ (london, 1600; later editions--stettin, 1628, 1633; frankfort, 1629, 1638). this work, which embodied the results of many years' research, was distinguished by its strict adherence to the scientific method of investigation by experiment, and by the originality of its matter, containing, as it does, an account of the author's experiments on magnets and magnetical bodies and on electrical attractions, and also his great conception that the earth is nothing but a large magnet, and that it is this which explains, not only the direction of the magnetic needle north and south, but also the variation and dipping or inclination of the needle. gilbert's is therefore not merely the first, but the most important, systematic contribution to the sciences of electricity and magnetism. a posthumous work of gilbert's was edited by his brother, also called william, from two mss. in the possession of sir william boswell; its title is _de mundo nostro sublunari philosophia nova_ (amsterdam, 1651). he is the reputed inventor besides of two instruments to enable sailors "to find out the latitude without seeing of sun, moon or stars," an account of which is given in thomas blondeville's _theoriques of the planets_ (london, 1602). he was also the first advocate of copernican views in england, and he concluded that the fixed stars are not all at the same distance from the earth. it is a matter of great regret for the historian of chemistry that gilbert left nothing on that branch of science, to which he was deeply devoted, "attaining to great exactness therein." so at least says thomas fuller, who in his _worthies of england_ prophesied truly how he would be afterwards known: "mahomet's tomb at mecca," he says, "is said strangely to hang up, attracted by some invisible loadstone; but the memory of this doctor will never fall to the ground, which his incomparable book _de magnete_ will support to eternity." an english translation of the _de magnete_ was published by p. f. mottelay in 1893, and another, with notes by s. p. thompson, was issued by the gilbert club of london in 1900.