GESNER

gesner, johann matthias (1691-1761), german classical scholar and schoolmaster, was born at roth near ansbach on the 9th of april 1691. he studied at the university of jena, and in 1714 published a work on the _philopatris_ ascribed to lucian. in 1715 he became librarian and conrector (vice-principal) at weimar, in 1729 rector of the gymnasium at ansbach, and in 1730 rector of the thomas school at leipzig. on the foundation of the university of gottingen he became professor of rhetoric (1734) and subsequently librarian. he died at gottingen on the 3rd of august 1761. his special merit lies in the attention he devoted to the explanation and illustration of the subject matter of the classical authors. his principal works are: editions of the _scriptores rei rusticae_, of quintilian, claudian, pliny the younger, horace and the orphic poems (published after his death); _primae lineae isagoges in eruditionem universalem_ (1756); an edition of b. faber's _thesaurus eruditionis scholasticae_ (1726), afterwards continued under the title _novus linguae et eruditionis romanae thesaurus_ (1749); _opuscula minora varii argumenti_ (1743-1745); _thesaurus epistolicus gesnerianus_ (ed. klotz, 1768-1770); _index etymologicus latinitatis_ (1749). see j. a. ernesti, _opuscula oratoria_ (1762), p. 305; h. sauppe, _gottinger professoren_ (1872); c. h. pohnert, _j. m. gesner und sein verhaltnis zum philanthropinismus und neuhumanismus_ (1898), a contribution to the history of pedagogy in the 18th century; articles by f. a. eckstein in _allgemeine deutsche biographie_ ix.; and sandys, _hist. of class. schol._ iii. (1908), 5-9. gesner [improperly gessner; in latin, gesnerus], konrad von (1516-1565), german-swiss writer and naturalist, called "the german pliny" by cuvier, was born at zurich on the 26th of march 1516. the son of a poor furrier, he was educated in that town, but fell into great need after the death of his father at the battle of kappel (1531). he had good friends, however, in his old master, myconius, and subsequently in heinrich bullinger, and he was enabled to continue his studies at the universities of strassburg and bourges (1532-1533); he found also a generous patron in paris (1534), in the person of joh. steiger of berne. in 1535 the religious troubles drove him back to zurich, where he made an imprudent marriage. his friends again came to his aid, enabled him to study at basel (1536), and in 1537 procured for him the professorship of greek at the newly founded academy of lausanne (then belonging to berne). here he had leisure to devote himself to scientific studies, especially botany. in 1540-1541 he visited the famous medical university of montpellier, took his degree of doctor of medicine (1541) at basel, and then settled down to practise at zurich, where he obtained the post of lecturer in physics at the carolinum. there, apart from a few journeys to foreign countries, and annual summer botanical journeys in his native land, he passed the remainder of his life. he devoted himself to preparing works on many subjects of different sorts. he died of the plague on the 13th of december 1565. in the previous year he had been ennobled. to his contemporaries he was best known as a botanist, though his botanical mss. were not published till long after his death (at nuremberg, 1751-1771, 2 vols, folio), he himself issuing only the _enchiridion historiae plantarum_ (1541) and the _catalogus plantarum_ (1542) in four tongues. in 1545 he published his remarkable _bibliotheca universalis_ (ed. by j. simler, 1574), a catalogue (in latin, greek and hebrew) of all writers who had ever lived, with the titles of their works, &c. a second part, under the title of _pandeclarium sive partitionum universalium conradi gesneri ligurini libri xxi._, appeared in 1548; only nineteen books being then concluded. the 21st book, a theological encyclopaedia, was published in 1549, but the 20th, intended to include his medical work, was never finished. his great zoological work, _historia animalium_, appeared in 4 vols. (quadrupeds, birds, fishes) folio, 1551-1558, at zurich, a fifth (snakes) being issued in 1587 (there is a german translation, entitled _thierbuch_, of the first 4 vols., zurich, 1563): this work is the starting-point of modern zoology. not content with such vast works, gesner put forth in 1555 his book entitled _mithridates de differentiis linguis_, an account of about 130 known languages, with the lord's prayer in 22 tongues, while in 1556 appeared his edition of the works of aelian. to non-scientific readers, gesner will be best known for his love of mountains (below the snow-line) and for his many excursions among them, undertaken partly as a botanist, but also for the sake of mere exercise and enjoyment of the beauties of nature. in 1541 he prefixed to a singular little work of his (_libellus de lacte et operibus lactariis_) a letter addressed to his friend, j. vogel, of glarus, as to the wonders to be found among the mountains, declaring his love for them, and his firm resolve to climb at least one mountain every year, not only to collect flowers, but in order to exercise his body. in 1555 gesner issued his narrative (_descriptio montis fracti sive montis pilati_) of his excursion to the gnepfstein (6299 ft.), the lowest point in the pilatus chain, and therein explains at length how each of the senses of man is refreshed in the course of a mountain excursion. lives by j. hanhart (winterthur, 1824) and j. simler (zurich, 1566); see also lebert's _gesner als arzt_ (zurich, 1854). a part of his unpublished writing, edited by prof. schmiedel, was published at nuremberg in 1753.