GERRY

gerry, elbridge (1744-1814), american statesman, was born in marblehead, massachusetts, on the 17th of july 1744, the son of thomas gerry (d. 1774), a native of newton, england, who emigrated to america in 1730, and became a prosperous marblehead merchant. the son graduated at harvard in 1762 and entered his father's business. in 1772 and 1773 he was a member of the massachusetts general court, in which he identified himself with samuel adams and the patriot party, and in 1773 he served on the committee of correspondence, which became one of the great instruments of intercolonial resistance. in 1774-1775 he was a member of the massachusetts provincial congress. the passage of a bill proposed by him (november 1775) to arm and equip ships to prey upon british commerce, and for the establishment of a prize court, was, according to his biographer, austin, "the first actual avowal of offensive hostility against the mother country, which is to be found in the annals of the revolution." it is also noteworthy, says austin, as "the first effort to establish an american naval armament." from 1776 to 1781 gerry was a member of the continental congress, where he early advocated independence, and was one of those who signed the declaration after its formal signing on the 2nd of august 1776, at which time he was absent. he was active in debates and committee work, and for some time held the chairmanship of the important standing committee for the superintendence of the treasury, in which capacity he exercised a predominating influence on congressional expenditures. in february 1780 he withdrew from congress because of its refusal to respond to his call for the yeas and nays. subsequently he laid his protest before the massachusetts general court which voted its approval of his action. on his return to massachusetts, and while he was still a member of congress, he was elected under the new state constitution (1780) to both branches of the state legislature, but accepted only his election to the house of representatives. on the expiration of his congressional term, he was again chosen a delegate by the massachusetts legislature, but it was not until 1783 that he resumed his seat. during the second period of his service in congress, which lasted until 1785, he was a member of the committee to consider the treaty of peace with great britain, and chairman of two committees appointed to select a permanent seat of government. in 1784 he bitterly attacked the establishment of the order of the cincinnati on the ground that it was a dangerous menace to democratic institutions. in 1786 he served in the state house of representatives. not favouring the creation of a strong national government he declined to attend the annapolis convention in 1786, but in the following year, when the assembling of the constitutional convention was an assured fact, although he opposed the purpose for which it was called, he accepted an appointment as one of the massachusetts delegates, with the idea that he might personally help to check too strong a tendency toward centralization. his exertions in the convention were ceaseless in opposition to what he believed to be the wholly undemocratic character of the instrument, and eventually he refused to sign the completed constitution. returning to massachusetts, he spoke and wrote in opposition to its ratification, and although not a member of the convention called to pass upon it, he laid before this convention, by request, his reasons for opposing it, among them being that the constitution contained no bill of rights, that the executive would unduly influence the legislative branch of the government, and that the judiciary would be oppressive. subsequently he served as an anti-federalist in the national house of representatives in 1789-1793, taking, as always, a prominent part in debates and other legislative concerns. in 1797 he was sent by president john adams, together with john marshall and charles cotesworth pinckney, on a mission to france to obtain from the government of the directory a treaty embodying a settlement of several long-standing disputes. the discourteous and underhanded treatment of this embassy by talleyrand and his agents, who attempted to obtain their ends by bribery, threats and duplicity, resulted in the speedy retirement of marshall and pinckney. the episode is known in american history as the "x y z affair." gerry, although despairing of any good results, remained in paris for some time in the vain hope that talleyrand might offer to a known friend of france terms that had been refused to envoys whose anti-french views were more than suspected. this action of gerry's brought down upon him from federalist partisans a storm of abuse and censure, from which he never wholly cleared himself. in 1810-1812 he was governor of massachusetts. his administration, which was marked by extreme partisanship, was especially notable for the enactment of a law by which the state was divided into new senatorial districts in such a manner as to consolidate the federalist vote in a few districts, thus giving the democratic-republicans an undue advantage. the outline of one of these districts, which was thought to resemble a salamander, gave rise in 1812, through a popular application of the governor's name, to the term "gerrymander" (q.v.). in 1812, gerry, who was an ardent advocate of the war with great britain, was elected vice-president of the united states, on the ticket with james madison. he died in office at washington on the 23rd of november 1814. see j. t. austin, _life of elbridge gerry, with contemporary letters_ (2 vols., boston, 1828-1829). gerrymander (usually pronounced "jerrymander," but the _g_ was originally pronounced hard), an american expression which has taken root in the english language, meaning to arrange election districts so as to give an unfair advantage to the party in power by means of a redistribution act, and so to manipulate constituencies generally, or arrange any political measure, with a view to an unfair party advantage. the word is derived from the name of the american politician elbridge gerry (q.v.). john fiske, in his _civil government in the united states_ (1890), says that in 1812, when gerry was governor of massachusetts, the democratic state legislature (in order, according to winsor, to secure an increased representation of the democratic party in the state senate) "redistributed the districts in such wise that the shapes of the towns forming a single district in essex county gave to the district a somewhat dragon-like contour. this was indicated upon a map of massachusetts which benjamin russell, an ardent federalist and editor of the _centinel_, hung up over the desk in his office. the painter, gilbert stuart, coming into the office one day and observing the uncouth figure, added with his pencil a head, wings and claws, and exclaimed, 'that will do for a salamander!' 'better say a gerrymander,' growled the editor; and the outlandish name, thus duly coined, soon came into general currency." it was, however, only the name that was new. fiske (who also refers to winsor's _memorial history of boston_, iii. 212, and bryce's _american commonwealth_, i. 121) says that gerrymandering, as a political dodge, "seems to have been first devised in 1788, by the enemies of the federal constitution in virginia, in order to prevent the election of james madison to the first congress, and fortunately it was unsuccessful." but it was really earlier than that, and in the american colonial period political advantage was often obtained by changing county lines. in 1709 the pennsylvania counties of bucks, chester and philadelphia formed a combination for preventing the city of philadelphia from securing its proportionate representation; and in 1732 george burrington, royal governor of north carolina, divided the voting precincts of the province for his own advantage. gerry was not the originator of the massachusetts law of 1812, which was probably drafted by samuel dana or by judge story. the law resulted in 29 seats being secured in massachusetts by 50,164 democratic votes, while 51,766 federalist votes only returned 11 members; and essex county, which, undivided, sent 5 federalists to the senate, returned 3 democrats and 2 federalists after being "gerrymandered," stuart's drawing (reproduced in fiske's book) was contrived so as to make the back line of the creature's body form a caricature of gerry's profile. the law of 1812 was repealed in 1813, when the federalists had again gained control of the massachusetts legislature. see also elmer c. griffith, _the rise and development of the gerrymander_ (chicago, 1907); john w. dean, "history of the gerrymander," in _new england historical and genealogical register_, vol. xlvi. (boston, 1892).