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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:geminiani:5c9d5571a462",
    "title": "GEMINIANI",
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    "verified_text": "geminiani, francesco (c. 1680-1762), italian violinist, was born at lucca about 1680. he received lessons in music from alessandro scarlatti, and studied the violin under lunati (gobbo) and afterwards under corelli. in 1714 he arrived in london, where he was taken under the special protection of the earl of essex, and made a living by teaching and writing music. in 1715 he played his violin concertos with handel at the english court. after visiting paris and residing there for some time, he returned to england in 1755. in 1761 he went to dublin, where a servant robbed him of a musical manuscript on which he had bestowed much time and labour. his vexation at this loss is said to have hastened his death on the 17th of september 1762. he appears to have been a first-rate violinist, but most of his compositions are dry and deficient in melody. his _art of playing the violin_ is a good work of its kind, but his _guida armonica_ is an inferior production. he published a number of solos for the violin, three sets of violin concertos, twelve violin trios, _the art of accompaniment on the harpsichord, organ_, &c., _lessons for the harpsichord_ and some other works. gemistus pletho [or plethon], georgius (c. 1355-1450), greek platonic philosopher and scholar, one of the chief pioneers of the revival of learning in western europe, was a byzantine by birth who settled at mistra in the peloponnese, the site of ancient sparta. he changed his name from gemistus to the equivalent pletho (\"the full\"), perhaps owing to the similarity of sound between that name and that of his master plato. he invented a religious system founded on the speculative mysticism of the neoplatonists, and founded a sect, the members of which believed that the new creed would supersede all existing forms of belief. but he is chiefly memorable for having introduced plato to the western world. this took place upon his visit to florence in 1439, as one of the deputies from constantinople on occasion of the general council. cardinal bessarion became his disciple; he produced a great impression upon cosimo de' medici; and though not himself making any very important contribution to the study of plato, he effectually shook the exclusive domination which aristotle had exercised over european thought for eight centuries. he promoted the union of the greek and latin churches as far as possible, but his efforts in this direction bore no permanent fruit. he probably died before the capture of constantinople. the most important of his published works are treatises on the distinction between plato and aristotle as philosophers (published at venice in 1540); on the religion of zoroaster (paris, 1538); on the condition of the peloponnese (ed. a. ellissen in _analekten der mittel- und neugriechischen literatur_, iv.); and the [greek: nomoi] (ed. c. alexandre, paris, 1858). in addition to these he compiled several volumes of excerpts from ancient authors, and wrote a number of works on geography, music and other subjects, many of which still exist in ms. in various european libraries. see especially f. schultze, _geschichte der philosophie der renaissance_, i. (1874); also j.a. symonds, _the renaissance in italy_ (1877), ii. p. 198; h.f. tozer, \"a byzantine reformer,\" in _journal of hellenic studies_, vii. (1886), chiefly on pletho's scheme of political and social reform for the peloponnese, as set forth in the pamphlets addressed to manuel ii. palaeologus and his son theodore, despot of the morea; w. gass, _gennadius und pletho_ (1844). most of pletho's works will be found in j.p. migne, _patrologia graeca_, clx.; for a complete list see fabricius, _bibliotheca graeca_ (ed. harles), xii.",
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