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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:gavazzi:0cf297273617",
    "title": "GAVAZZI",
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    "verified_text": "gavazzi, alessandro (1809-1889), italian preacher and patriot, was born at bologna on the 21st of march 1809. he at first became a monk (1825), and attached himself to the barnabites at naples, where he afterwards (1829) acted as professor of rhetoric. in 1840, having already expressed liberal views, he was removed to rome to fill a subordinate position. leaving his own country after the capture of rome by the french, he carried on a vigorous campaign against priests and jesuits in england, scotland and north america, partly by means of a periodical, the _gavazzi free word_. while in england he gradually went over (1855) to the evangelical church, and became head and organizer of the italian protestants in london. returning to italy in 1860, he served as army-chaplain with garibaldi. in 1870 he became head of the free church (_chiesa libera_) of italy, united the scattered congregations into the \"unione delle chiese libere in italia,\" and in 1875 founded in rome the theological college of the free church, in which he himself taught dogmatics, apologetics and polemics. he died in rome on the 9th of january 1889. amongst his publications are _no union with rome_ (1871); _the priest in absolution_ (1877); _my recollections of the last four popes_, &c., in answer to cardinal wiseman (1858); _orations_, 2 decades (1851). gavelkind,[1] a peculiar system of tenure associated chiefly with the county of kent, but found also in other parts of england. in kent all land is presumed to be holden by this tenure until the contrary is proved, but some lands have been disgavelled by particular statutes. it is more correctly described as socage tenure, subject to the custom of gavelkind. the chief peculiarities of the custom are the following. (1) a tenant can alienate his lands by feoffment at fifteen years of age. (2) there is no escheat on attainder for felony, or as it is expressed in the old rhyme-- \"the father to the bough, the son to the plough.\" (3) generally the tenant could always dispose of his lands by will. (4) in case of intestacy the estate descends not to the eldest son but to all the sons (or, in the case of deceased sons, their representatives) in equal shares. \"every son is as great a gentleman as the eldest son is.\" it is to this remarkable peculiarity that gavelkind no doubt owes its local popularity. though females claiming in their own right are postponed to males, yet by representation they may inherit together with them. (5) a wife is dowable of one-half, instead of one-third of the land. (6) a widower may be tenant by courtesy, without having had any issue, of one-half, but only so long as he remains unmarried. an act of 1841, for commuting manorial rights in respect of lands of copyhold and customary tenure, contained a clause specially exempting from the operation of the act \"the custom of gavelkind as the same now exists and prevails in the county of kent.\" gavelkind is one of the most interesting examples of the customary law of england; it was, previous to the conquest, the general custom of the realm, but was then superseded by the feudal law of primogeniture. its survival in this instance in one part of the country is regarded as a concession extorted from the conqueror by the superior bravery of the men of kent. _irish gavelkind_ was a species of tribal succession, by which the land, instead of being divided at the death of the holder amongst his sons, was thrown again into the common stock, and redivided among the surviving members of the sept. the equal division amongst children of an inheritance in land is of common occurrence outside the united kingdom and is discussed under succession. see inheritance; tenure. also robinson, _on gavelkind_; digby, _history of the law of real property_; pollock and maitland, _history of english law_; challis, _real property_. footnote: [1] this word is generally taken to represent in o. eng. _gafolgecynd_, from _gafol_, payment, tribute, and _gecynd_, species, kind, and originally to have meant tenure by payment of rent or non-military services, cf. gafol-land, and thence to have been applied to the particular custom attached to such tenure in kent. _gafol_ apparently is derived from the teutonic root seen in \"to give\"; the med. lat. _gabulum, gablum_ gives the fr. _gabelle_, tax.",
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