GALL

gall, franz joseph (1758-1828), anatomist, physiologist, and founder of phrenology (q.v.), was born at tiefenbrunn near pforzheim, baden, on the 9th of march 1758. after completing the usual literary course at baden and bruchsal, he began the study of medicine under j. hermann (1738-1800) at strassburg, whence, attracted by the names of gerhard van swieten (1700-1772) and maximilian stoll (1742-1788), he removed to vienna in 1781. having received his diploma, he began to practise as a physician there in 1785; but his energies were mainly devoted to the scientific investigation of problems which had occupied his attention from boyhood. at a comparatively early period he formed the generalization that in the human subject at least a powerful memory is invariably associated with prominent eyes; and further observation enabled him, as he thought, also to define the external characteristics indicative of special talents for painting, music and the mechanical arts. following out these researches, he gradually reached the strong conviction, not only that the talents and dispositions of men are dependent upon the functions of the brain, but also that they may be inferred with perfect exactitude and precision from the external appearances of the skull. gall's first appearance as an author was made in 1791, when he published the first two chapters of a (never completed) work entitled _philosophisch-medicinische untersuchungen uber natur u. kunst im kranken u. gesunden zustande des menschen_. the first public notice of his inquiries in cranioscopy, however, was in the form of a letter addressed to a friend, which appeared in c.m. wieland's _deutscher mercur_ in 1798; but two years previously he had begun to give private courses of phrenological lectures in vienna, where his doctrines soon attracted general attention, and met with increasing success until, in 1802, they were interdicted by the government as being dangerous to religion. this step on the part of the authorities had the effect of greatly stimulating public curiosity and increasing gall's celebrity. in march 1805 he finally left vienna in company with his friend and associate j.c. spurzheim, and made a tour through germany, in the course of which he lectured in berlin, dresden, magdeburg and several of the university towns. his expositions, which he knew how to make popular and attractive, were much resorted to by the public, and excited considerable controversy in the scientific world. he had almost reached the zenith of his fame when, in 1807, he repaired to paris and established himself there as a medical practitioner, at the same time continuing his activity as a lecturer and writer. in 1808 appeared his _introduction au cours de physiologie du cerveau_, which was followed in 1809 by the _recherches sur le systeme nerveux en general, et sur celui du cerveau en particulier_ (originally laid before the institute of france in march 1808), and in 1810 by the first instalment of the _anatomie et physiologie du systeme nerveux en general, et du cerveau en particulier, avec des observations sur la possibilite de reconnaitre plusieurs dispositions intellectuelles et morales de l'homme et des animaux par la configuration de leurs tetes._ the _recherches_ and the first two volumes of the _anatomie_ bear the conjoint names of gall and spurzheim. the latter work was completed in 1819, and appeared in a second edition of six volumes in 1822-1825. in 1811 he replied to a charge of spinozism or atheism, which had been strongly urged against him, by a treatise entitled _des dispositions innees de l'ame et de l'esprit_, which he afterwards incorporated with his greater work. in 1819 he became a naturalized french subject, but his efforts two years afterwards to obtain admission to the academy of sciences, although supported by e. geoffroy saint-hilaire, were unsuccessful. in 1823 he visited london with the intention of giving a series of phrenological lectures, but his reception was not what he had anticipated, and he speedily abandoned his plans. he continued to lecture and practise in paris until the beginning of 1828, when he was disabled by an apoplectic seizure. his death took place at montrouge near paris, on the 22nd of august 1828. gall (a word common to many teutonic languages, cf. dutch _gal_, and ger. _galle_; the indo-european root appears in gr. [greek: chole] and lat. _fel_; possibly connected with "yellow," with reference to the colour of bile), the secretion of the liver known as "bile," the term being also used of the pear-shaped _diverticulum_ of the bile-duct, which forms a reservoir for the bile, more generally known as the "gall-bladder" (see liver). from the extreme bitterness of the secretion, "gall," like the lat. _fel_, is used for anything extremely bitter, whether actually or metaphorically. from the idea that the gall-bladder was the dominating organ of a bitter, sharp temperament, "gall" was formerly used in english for such a spirit, and also for one very ready to resent injuries. it thus survives in american slang, with the meaning "impudence" or "assurance." "gall," meaning a sore or painful swelling, especially on a horse, may be the same word, derived from an early use of the word as meaning "poison." on the other hand, in romanic languages, the fr. _galle_, sp. _agalla_, a wind-gall or puffy distension of the synovial bursa on the fetlock joint of a horse, is derived from the lat. _galla_, oak-apple, from which comes the english "gall," meaning an excrescence on trees caused by certain insects. (see galls.)