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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:gade:56e924c8b121",
    "title": "GADE",
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    "verified_text": "gade, niels wilhelm (1817-1890), danish composer, was born at copenhagen, on the 22nd of february 1817, his father being a musical instrument maker. he was intended for his father's trade, but his passion for a musician's career, made evident by the ease and skill with which he learnt to play upon a number of instruments, was not to be denied. though he became proficient on the violin under wexschall, and in the elements of theory under weyse and berggreen, he was to a great extent self-taught. his opportunities of hearing and playing in the great masterpieces were many, since he was a member of the court band. in 1840 his _aladdin_ and his overture of _ossian_ attracted attention, and in 1841 his _nachklange aus ossian_ overture gained the local musical society's prize, the judges being spohr and schneider. this work also attracted the notice of the king, who gave the composer a stipend which enabled him to go to leipzig and italy. in 1844 gade conducted the gewandhaus concerts in leipzig during mendelssohn's absence, and on the latter's death became chief conductor. in 1848, on the outbreak of the holstein war, he returned to copenhagen, where he was appointed organist and conductor of the musik-verein. in 1852 he married a daughter of the composer j.p.e. hartmann. he became court conductor in 1861, and was pensioned by the government in 1876--the year in which he visited birmingham to conduct his _crusaders_. this work, and the _fruhlingsfantasie_, the _erlkonigs tochter_, _fruhlingsbotschaft_ and _psyche_ (written for birmingham in 1882) have enjoyed a wide popularity. indeed, they represent the strength and the weakness of gade's musical ability quite as well as any of his eight symphonies (the best of which are the first and fourth, while the fifth has an obbligato pianoforte part). gade was distinctly a romanticist, but his music is highly polished and beautifully finished, lyrical rather than dramatic and effective. much of the pianoforte music, _aquarellen_, _spring flowers_, for instance, enjoyed a considerable vogue, as did the _novelletten_ trio; but gade's opera _mariotta_ has not been heard outside the copenhagen opera house. he died at copenhagen on the 21st of december 1890. gadolinium (symbol gd., atomic weight 157.3), one of the rare earth metals (see erbium). the element was discovered in 1880 in the mineral samarskite by c. marignac (_comptes rendus_, 1880, 90, p. 899; _ann. chim. phys._, 1880 [5] 20, p. 535). g. urbain (_comptes rendus_, 1905, 140, p. 583) separates the metal by crystallizing the double nitrate of nickel and gadolinium. the salts show absorption bands in the ultra-violet. the oxide gd2o3 is colourless (lecoq de boisbaudran).",
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