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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "verified_text": "fux, johann joseph (1660-1741), austrian musician, was born at hirtenfeld (styria) in 1660. of his youth and early training nothing is known. in 1696 he was organist at one of the principal churches of vienna, and in 1698 was appointed by the emperor leopold i. as his \"imperial court-composer,\" with a salary of about l6 a month. at the court of leopold and of his successors joseph i. and charles vi., fux remained for the rest of his life. to his various court dignities that of organist at st stephen's cathedral was added in 1704. he married the daughter of the government secretary schnitzbaum. as a proof of the high favour in which he was held by the art-loving charles vi., it is told that at the coronation of that emperor as king of bohemia in 1723 an opera, _la constanza e la fortezza_, especially composed by fux for the occasion, was given at prague in an open-air theatre. fux at the time was suffering from gout, but the emperor had him carried in a litter all the way from vienna, and gave him a seat in the imperial box. fux died at vienna on the 13th of february 1741. his life, although passed in the great world, was eventless, and his only troubles arose from the intrigues of his italian rivals at court. of the numerous operas which fux wrote it is unnecessary to speak. they do not essentially differ from the style of the italian _opera seria_ of the time. of greater importance are his sacred compositions, psalms, motets, oratorios and masses, the celebrated _missa canonica_ amongst the latter. it is an all but unparalleled _tour de force_ of learned musicianship, being written entirely in that most difficult of contrapuntal devices--the canon. as a contrapuntist and musical scholar generally, fux was unsurpassed by any of his contemporaries, and his great theoretical work, the _gradus ad parnassum_, long remained by far the most thorough treatment of counterpoint and its various developments. the title of the original latin edition is _gradus ad parnassum sive manuductio ad compositionem musicae regularem, methoda nova ac certa nondum ante tam exacta ordine in lucem edita, elaborata a joanne josepho fux_ (vienna, 1715). it was translated into most european languages during the 18th century, and is still studied by musicians interested in the history of their art. the expenses of the publication were defrayed by the emperor charles vi. fux's biography was published by ludwig von kochel (vienna, 1871). it is based on minute original research and contains, amongst other valuable materials, a complete catalogue of the composer's numerous works. fuze or fuse, an appliance for firing explosives in blasting operations, military shells, &c. (see blasting and ammunition, s shell). the spelling is not governed by authority, but modern convenience has dictated the adoption of the \"z\" by military engineers as a general rule, in order to distinguish this sense from that of melting by heat (see below). the word, according to the _new english dictionary_, is one of the forms in which the lat. _fusus_, spindle, has been adapted through romanic into english, the ordinary fuze taking the shape of a spindle-like tube. similarly the term \"fusee\" (fr. _fusee_, spindle full of tow, late lat. _fusata_) is applied to a coned spindle sometimes used in the wheel train of watches and spring clocks to equalize the action of the mainspring (see watch); and the application of the same term to a special kind of match may also be due to its resemblance to a spindle. again, in heraldry, another form, \"fusil,\" derived through the french from a late lat. diminutive (_fusillus_ or _fusellus_) of this same _fusus_, is used of a bearing, an elongated lozenge. according to other etymological authorities, however (see skeat, _etym. dict._, 1898), \"fuze\" or \"fuse,\" and \"fusee\" in the sense of match, are all forms derived through the fr. fusil, from late lat. _focile_, steel for striking fire from a flint, from lat. _focus_, hearth. the fr. _fusil_ and english \"fusil\" were thus transferred to the \"firelock,\" i.e. the light musket of the 17th century (see fusilier). in electrical engineering a \"fuse\" (always so spelled) is a safety device, commonly consisting of a strip or wire of easily fusible metal, which melts and thus interrupts the circuit of which it forms part, whenever that circuit, through some accident or derangement, is caused to carry a current larger than that for which it is intended. in this sense the word must be connected with _fusus_, the past participle of lat. _fundere_, to pour, whence comes the verb \"fuse,\" to melt by heat, often used figuratively in the sense of blend, mix.",
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