FUSELI

fuseli, henry (1741-1825), english painter and writer on art, of german-swiss family, was born at zurich in switzerland on the 7th of february 1741; he himself asserted in 1745, but this appears to have been a mere whim. he was the second child in a family of eighteen. his father was john caspar fussli, of some note as a painter of portraits and landscapes, and author of lives of the _helvetic painters_. this parent destined his son for the church, and with this view sent him to the caroline college of his native town, where he received an excellent classical education. one of his schoolmates there was lavater, with whom he formed an intimate friendship. after taking orders in 1761 fuseli was obliged to leave his country for a while in consequence of having aided lavater to expose an unjust magistrate, whose family was still powerful enough to make its vengeance felt. he first travelled through germany, and then, in 1765, visited england, where he supported himself for some time by miscellaneous writing: there was a sort of project of promoting through his means a regular literary communication between england and germany. he became in course of time acquainted with sir joshua reynolds, to whom he showed his drawings. by sir joshua's advice he then devoted himself wholly to art. in 1770 he made an art-pilgrimage to italy, where he remained till 1778, changing his name from fussli to fuseli, as more italian-sounding. early in 1779 he returned to england, taking zurich on his way. he found a commission awaiting him from alderman boydell, who was then organizing his celebrated shakespeare gallery. fuseli painted a number of pieces for this patron, and about this time published an english edition of lavater's work on physiognomy. he likewise gave cowper some valuable assistance in preparing the translation of homer. in 1788 fuseli married miss sophia rawlins (who it appears was originally one of his models, and who proved an affectionate wife), and he soon after became an associate of the royal academy. two years later he was promoted to the grade of academician. in 1799 he exhibited a series of paintings from subjects furnished by the works of milton, with a view to forming a milton gallery corresponding to boydell's shakespeare gallery. the number of the milton paintings was forty-seven, many of them very large; they were executed at intervals within nine years. this exhibition, which closed in 1800, proved a failure as regards profit. in 1799 also he was appointed professor of painting to the academy. four years afterwards he was chosen keeper, and resigned his professorship; but he resumed it in 1810, and continued to hold both offices till his death. in 1805 he brought out an edition of pilkington's _lives of the painters_, which, however, did not add much to his reputation. canova, when on his visit to england, was much taken with fuseli's works, and on returning to rome in 1817 caused him to be elected a member of the first class in the academy of st luke. fuseli, after a life of uninterrupted good health, died at putney hill on the 16th of april 1825, at the advanced age of eighty-four, and was buried in the crypt of st paul's cathedral. he was comparatively rich at his death, though his professional gains had always appeared to be meagre. as a painter, fuseli had a daring invention, was original, fertile in resource, and ever aspiring after the highest forms of excellence. his mind was capable of grasping and realizing the loftiest conceptions, which, however, he often spoiled on the canvas by exaggerating the due proportions of the parts, and throwing his figures into attitudes of fantastic and over-strained contortion. he delighted to select from the region of the supernatural, and pitched everything upon an ideal scale, believing a certain amount of exaggeration necessary in the higher branches of historical painting. "damn nature! she always puts me out," was his characteristic exclamation. in this theory he was confirmed by the study of michelangelo's works and the marble statues of the monte cavallo, which, when at rome, he used often to contemplate in the evening, relieved against a murky sky or illuminated by lightning. but this idea was by him carried out to an excess, not only in the forms, but also in the attitudes of his figures; and the violent and intemperate action which he often displays destroys the grand effect which many of his pieces would otherwise produce. a striking illustration of this occurs in his famous picture of "hamlet breaking from his attendants to follow the ghost": hamlet, it has been said, looks as though he would burst his clothes with convulsive cramps in all his muscles. this intemperance is the grand defect of nearly all fuseli's compositions. on the other hand, his paintings are never either languid or cold. his figures are full of life and earnestness, and seem to have an object in view which they follow with rigid intensity. like rubens he excelled in the art of setting his figures in motion. though the lofty and terrible was his proper sphere, fuseli had a fine perception of the ludicrous. the grotesque humour of his fairy scenes, especially those taken from _a midsummer-night's dream_, is in its way not less remarkable than the poetic power of his more ambitious works. as a colourist fuseli has but small claims to distinction. he scorned to set a palette as most artists do; he merely dashed his tints recklessly over it. not unfrequently he used his paints in the form of a dry powder, which he rubbed up with his pencil with oil, or turpentine, or gold size, regardless of the quantity, and depending for accident on the general effect. this recklessness may perhaps be explained by the fact that he did not paint in oil till he was twenty-five years of age. despite these drawbacks he possessed the elements of a great painter. fuseli painted more than 200 pictures, but he exhibited only a minority of them. his earliest painting represented "joseph interpreting the dreams of the baker and butler"; the first to excite particular attention was the "nightmare," exhibited in 1782. he produced only two portraits. his sketches or designs numbered about 800; they have admirable qualities of invention and design, and are frequently superior to his paintings. his general powers of mind were large. he was a thorough master of french, italian, english and german, and could write in all these tongues with equal facility and vigour, though he preferred german as the vehicle of his thoughts. his writings contain passages of the best art-criticism that english literature can show. the principal work is his series of _lectures_ in the royal academy, twelve in number, commenced in 1801. many interesting anecdotes of fuseli, and his relations to contemporary artists, are given in his _life_ by john knowles, who also edited his works in 3 vols. 8vo, london, 1831. (w. m. r.) fusel oil (from the ger. _fusel_, bad spirits), the name applied to the volatile oily liquids, of a nauseous fiery taste and smell, which are obtained in the rectification of spirituous liquors made by the fermentation of grain, potatoes, the marc of grapes, and other material, and which, as they are of higher boiling point than ethyl alcohol, occur in largest quantity in the last portions of the distillate. besides ethyl or ordinary alcohol, and amyl alcohol, which are present in them all, there have been found in fusel oil several other bodies of the c_n h_(2n + 1).oh series, also certain ethers, and members of the c_n h_(2n + 1).co2h series of fatty acids. normal propyl alcohol is contained in the fusel oil of the marc brandy of the south of france, and isoprimary butyl alcohol in that of beet-root molasses. the chief constituent of the fusel oil procured in the manufacture of alcohol from potatoes and grain, usually known as fusel oil and potato-spirit, is isoprimary amyl alcohol, or isobutylcarbinol. ordinary fusel oil yields also an isomeric amyl alcohol (active amyl alcohol) boiling at about 128 deg. variable quantities of fusel oil, less or greater according to the stage of ripening, exist in commercial spirits (see spirits). fusel oil and its chief constituent, amyl alcohol, are direct nerve poisons. in small doses it causes only thirst and headache, with furred tongue and some excitement. in large doses it is a convulsent poison. impure beverages induce all the graver neurotic and visceral disorders in alcoholism; and, like fusel oil, furfurol and the essence of absinthe, are convulsent poisons. pure ethyl alcohol intoxication, indeed, is rarely seen, being modified in the case of spirits by the higher alcohols contained in fusel oil. according to rabuteau the toxic properties of the higher alcohols increase with their molecular weight and boiling point. richet considers that the fusel oil contained in spirits constitutes the chief danger in the consumption of alcoholic beverages. the expert can immediately detect the peculiarly virulent characters of the mixed intoxication due to the consumption of spirits containing a large percentage of fusel oil.