FUKUOKA

fukuoka, a town on the north-west coast of the island of kiushiu, japan, in the province of chikuzen, 90 m. n.n.e. of nagasaki by rail. pop. about 72,000. with hakata, on the opposite side of a small coast stream, it forms a large centre of population, with an increasing export trade and several local industries. of these the most important is silk-weaving, and hakata especially is noted for its durable silk fabrics. fukuoka was formerly the residence of the powerful daimio of chikuzen, and played a conspicuous part in the medieval history of japan; the renowned temple of yeiyas in the district was destroyed by fire during the revolution of 1868. there are several other places of this name in japan, the most important being fukuoka in the province of mutsu, north nippon, a railway station on the main line from tokyo to aimori ura bay. pop. about 5000. fula (fulbe, fellatah or peuls), a numerous and powerful african people, spread over an immense region from senegal nearly to darfur. strictly they have no country of their own, and nowhere form the whole of the population, though nearly always the dominant native race. they are most numerous in upper senegal and in the countries under french sway immediately south of senegambia, notably futa jallon. farther east they rule, subject to the control of the french, segu and massena, countries on both banks of the upper niger, to the south-west of timbuktu. the districts within the great bend of the niger have a large fula population. east of that river sokoto and its tributary emirates are ruled by fula princes, subject to the control of the british nigerian administration. fula are settled in bornu, bagirmi, wadai and the upper nile valley,[1] but have no political power in those countries. their most southerly emirate is adamawa, the country on both sides of the upper benue. in this vast region of distribution the fula populations are most dense towards the west and north, most scattered towards the east and south. originally herdsmen in the western and central sudan, they extended their sway east of the niger, under the leadership of othman dan fodio, during the early years of the 19th century, and having subdued the hausa states, founded the empire of sokoto with the vassal emirates of kano, gando, nupe, adamawa, &c. the question of the ethnic affinities of the fula has given rise to an enormous amount of speculation, but the most reasonable theory is that they are a mixture of berber and negro. this is now the most generally accepted theory. certainly there is no reason to connect them with the ancient egyptians. in the district of senegal known as fuladugu or "fula land," where the purest types of the race are found, the people are of a reddish brown or light chestnut colour, with oval faces, ringlety or even smooth hair, never woolly, straight and even aquiline noses, delicately shaped lips and regular features quite differentiating them from the negro type. like most conquering races the fula are, however, not of uniform physique, in many districts approximating to the local type. they nevertheless maintain throughout their widespread territory a certain national solidarity, thanks to common speech, traditions and usages. the ruling caste of the fula differs widely in character from the herdsmen of the western sudan. the latter are peaceable, inoffensive and abstemious. they are mainly monogamous, and by rigidly abstaining from foreign marriages have preserved racial purity. the ruling caste in nigeria, on the other hand, despise their pastoral brethren, and through generations of polygamy with the conquered tribes have become more negroid in type, black, burly and coarse featured. love of luxury, pomp and finery is their chief characteristic. taken as a whole, the fula race is distinguished by great intelligence, frankness of disposition and strength of character. as soldiers they are renowned almost exclusively as cavalry; and the race has produced several leaders possessed of much strategical skill. besides the ordinary negro weapons, they use iron spears with leatherbound handles and swords. they are generally excellent rulers, stern but patient and just. the nigerian emirs acquired, however, an evil reputation during the 19th century as slave raiders. they have long been devout mahommedans, and mosques and schools exist in almost all their towns. tradition says that of old every fula boy and girl was a scholar; but during the decadence of their power towards the close of the 19th century education was not highly valued. power seems to have somewhat spoilt this virile race, but such authorities as sir frederick lugard believe them still capable of a great future. the fula language has as yet found no place in any african linguistic family. in its rudiments it is akin to the hamito-semitic group. it possesses two grammatical genders, not masculine and feminine, but the human and the non-human; the adjective agrees in assonance with its noun, and euphony plays a great part in verbal and nominal inflections. in some ways resembling the negro dialects, it betrays non-negroid influences in the use of suffixes. the name of the people has many variations. fulbe or fula (sing. pullo, peul) is the mandingan name, follani the hausa, fellatah the kanuri, fullan the arab, and fulde on the benue. like the name abate, "white," given them in kororofa, all these seem to refer to their light reddish hue. see f. ratzel, _history of mankind_ (english ed., london, 1896-1898); sir f. lugard, "northern nigeria," in _geographical journal_ (july 1904); grimai de guirodon, _les puls_ (1887); e.a. brackenbury, _a short vocabulary of the fulani language_ (zungeru, 1907); the articles nigeria and sokoto and authorities there cited. footnote: [1] sir wm. wallace in a report on northern nigeria ("colonial office" series, no. 551, 1907) calls attention to the exodus "of thousands of fulani of all sorts, but mostly mellawa, from the french middle niger," and states that the majority of the emigrants are settling in the nile valley. fulcher (or foucher) of chartres (1058-c. 1130), french chronicler, was a priest who was present at the council of clermont in 1095, and accompanied robert ii., duke of normandy, on the first crusade in 1096. having spent some time in italy and taken part in the fighting on the way to the holy land, he became chaplain to baldwin, who was chosen king of jerusalem in 1100, and lived with baldwin at edessa and then at jerusalem. he accompanied this king on several warlike expeditions, but won more lasting fame by writing his _historia hierosolymitana_ or _gesta francorum jerusalem expugnantium_, one of the most trustworthy sources for the history of the first crusade. in its final form it is divided into three books, and covers the period between the council of clermont and 1127, and the author only gives details of events which he himself had witnessed. it was used by william of tyre. fulcher died after 1127, probably at jerusalem. he has been confused with foucher of mongervillier (d. 1171), abbot of st-pere-en-vallee at chartres, and also with another person of the same name who distinguished himself at the siege of antioch in 1098. the _historia_, but in an incomplete form, was first published by j. bongars in the _gesta dei per francos_ (hanover, 1611). the best edition is in tome iii. of the _recueil des historiens des croisades, historiens occidentaux_ (paris, 1866); and there is a french translation in tome xxiv. of guizot's _collection des memoires relatifs a l'histoire de france_ (paris, 1823-1835). see h. von sybel, _geschichte des ersten kreuzzuges_ (leipzig, 1881); and a. molinier, _les sources de l'histoire de france_, tome ii. (paris, 1902).