FRYXELL

fryxell, anders (1795-1881), swedish historian, was born at hesselskog, dalsland, sweden, on the 7th of february 1795. he was educated at upsala, took holy orders in 1820, was made a doctor of philosophy in 1821, and in 1823 began to publish the great work of his life, the _stories from swedish history_. he did not bring this labour to a close until, fifty-six years later, he published the forty-sixth and crowning volume of his vast enterprise. fryxell, as a historian, appealed to every class by the picturesqueness of his style and the breadth of his research; he had the gift of awakening to an extraordinary degree the national sense in his readers. in 1824 he published his _swedish grammar_, which was long without a rival. in 1833 he received the title of professor, and in 1835 he was appointed to the incumbency of sunne, in the diocese of karlstad, where he resided for the remainder of his life. in 1840 he was elected to the swedish academy in succession to the poet wallin (1779-1839). in 1847 fryxell received from his bishop permission to withdraw from all the services of the church, that he might devote himself without interruption to historical investigation. among his numerous minor writings are prominent his _characteristics of sweden between 1592 and 1600_ (1830), his _origins of the inaccuracy with which the history of sweden in catholic times has been treated_ (1847), and his _contributions to the literary history of sweden_. it is now beginning to be seen that the abundant labours of fryxell were rather of a popular than of a scientific order, and although their influence during his lifetime was unbounded, it is only fair to later and exacter historians to admit that they threaten to become obsolete in more than one direction. on the 21st of march 1881 anders fryxell died at stockholm, and in 1884 his daughter eva fryxell (born 1829) published from his ms. an interesting _history of my history_, which was really a literary autobiography and displays the persistency and tirelessness of his industry. (e. g.) fuad pasha (1815-1869), turkish statesman, was the son of the distinguished poet kecheji-zade izzet molla. he was educated at the medical school and was at first an army surgeon. about 1836 he entered the civil service as an official of the foreign ministry. he became secretary of the embassy in london; was employed on special missions in the principalities and at st petersburg (1848), and was sent to egypt as special commissioner in 1851. in that year he became minister for foreign affairs, a post to which he was appointed also on four subsequent occasions and which he held at the time of his death. during the crimean war he commanded the troops on the greek frontier and distinguished himself by his bravery. he was turkish delegate at the paris conference of 1856; was charged with a mission to syria in 1860; grand vizier in 1860 and 1861, and also minister of war. he accompanied the sultan abd-ul-aziz on his journey to egypt and europe, when the freedom of the city of london was conferred on him. he died at nice (whither he had been ordered for his health) in 1869. fuad was renowned for his boldness and promptness of decision, as well as for his ready wit and his many bons mots. generally regarded as the partisan of a pro-english policy, he rendered most valuable service to his country by his able management of the foreign relations of turkey, and not least by his efficacious settlement of affairs in syria after the massacres of 1860.