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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "title": "FROHSCHAMMER",
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    "verified_text": "frohschammer, jakob (1821-1893), german theologian and philosopher, was born at illkofen, near regensburg, on the 6th of january 1821. destined by his parents for the roman catholic priesthood, he studied theology at munich, but felt an ever-growing attraction to philosophy. nevertheless, after much hesitation, he took what he himself calls the most mistaken step of his life, and in 1847 entered the priesthood. his keenly logical intellect, and his impatience of authority where it clashed with his own convictions, quite unfitted him for that unquestioning obedience which the church demanded. it was only after open defiance of the bishop of regensburg that he obtained permission to continue his studies at munich. he at first devoted himself more especially to the study of the history of dogma, and in 1850 published his _beitrage zur kirchengeschichte_, which was placed on the index expurgatorius. but he felt that his real vocation was philosophy, and after holding for a short time an extraordinary professorship of theology, he became professor of philosophy in 1855. this appointment he owed chiefly to his work, _uber den ursprung der menschlichen seelen_ (1854), in which he maintained that the human soul was not implanted by a special creative act in each case, but was the result of a secondary creative act on the part of the parents: that soul as well as body, therefore, was subject to the laws of heredity. this was supplemented in 1855 by the controversial _menschenseele und physiologie_. undeterred by the offence which these works gave to his ecclesiastical superiors, he published in 1858 the _einleitung in die philosophie und grundriss der metaphysik_, in which he assailed the doctrine of thomas aquinas, that philosophy was the handmaid of theology. in 1861 appeared _uber die aufgabe der naturphilosophie und ihr verhaltnis zur naturwissenschaft_, which was, he declared, directed against the purely mechanical conception of the universe, and affirmed the necessity of a creative power. in the same year he published _uber die freiheit der wissenschaft_, in which he maintained the independence of science, whose goal was truth, against authority, and reproached the excessive respect for the latter in the roman church with the insignificant part played by the german catholics in literature and philosophy. he was denounced by the pope himself in an apostolic brief of the 11th of december 1862, and students of theology were forbidden to attend his lectures. public opinion was now keenly excited; he received an ovation from the munich students, and the king, to whom he owed his appointment, supported him warmly. a conference of catholic _savants_, held in 1863 under the presidency of dollinger, decided that authority must be supreme in the church. when, however, dollinger and his school in their turn started the old catholic movement, frohschammer refused to associate himself with their cause, holding that they did not go far enough, and that their declaration of 1863 had cut the ground from under their feet. meanwhile he had, in 1862, founded the _athenaum_ as the organ of liberal catholicism. for this he wrote the first adequate account in german of the darwinian theory of natural selection, which drew a warm letter of appreciation from darwin himself. excommunicated in 1871, he replied with three articles, which were reproduced in thousands as pamphlets in the chief european languages: _der fels petri in rom_ (1873), _der primat petri und des papstes_ (1875), and _das christenthum christi und das christenthum des papstes_ (1876). in _das neue wissen und der neue glaube_ (1873) he showed himself as vigorous an opponent of the materialism of strauss as of the doctrine of papal infallibility. his later years were occupied with a series of philosophical works, of which the most important were: _die phantasie als grundprincip des weltprocesses_ (1877), _uber die genesis der menschheit und deren geistige entwicklung in religion, sittlichkeit und sprache_ (1883), and _uber die organisation und cultur der menschlichen gesellschaft_ (1885). his system is based on the unifying principle of imagination (_phantasie_), which he extends to the objective creative force of nature, as well as to the subjective mental phenomena to which the term is usually confined. he died at bad kreuth in the bavarian highlands on the 14th of june 1893. in addition to other treatises on theological subjects, frohschammer was also the author of _monaden und weltphantasie_ and _uber die bedeutung der einbildungskraft in der philosophie kants und spinozas_ (1879); _uber die principien der aristotelischen philosophie und die bedeutung der phantasie in derselben_ (1881); _die philosophie als idealwissenschaft und system_ (1884); _die philosophie des thomas von aquino kritisch gewurdigt_ (1889); _uber das mysterium magnum des daseins_ (1891); _system der philosophie im umriss_, pt. i. (1892). his autobiography was published in a. hinrichsen's _deutsche denker_ (1888). see also f. kirchner, _uber das grundprincip des weltprocesses_ (1882), with special reference to f.; e. reich, _weltanschauung und menschenleben; betrachtungen uber die philosophie j. frohschammers_ (1894); b. munz, _j. frohschammer, der philosoph der weltphantasie_ (1894) and _briefe von und uber j. frohschammer_ (1897); j. friedrich, _jakob frohschammer_ (1896) and _systematische und kritische darstellung der psychologie j. frohschammers_ (1899); a. attensperger, _j. frohschammers philosophisches system im grundriss_ (1899).",
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