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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:friesland:4ebd4b821e8e",
    "title": "FRIESLAND",
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    "verified_text": "friesland, or vriesland, a province of holland, bounded s.w., w. and n. by the zuider zee and the north sea, e. by groningen and drente, and s.e. by overysel. it also includes the islands of ameland and schiermonnikoog (see frisian islands). area, 1281 sq. m.; pop. (1900) 340,262. the soil of friesland falls naturally into three divisions consisting of sea-clay in the north and north-west, of low-fen between the south-west and north-east, and of a comparatively small area of high-fen in the south-east. the clay and low-fen furnish a luxuriant meadow-land for the principal industries of the province--cattle-rearing and cheese- and butter-making. horse-breeding has also been practised for centuries, and the breed of black frisian horse is well known. on the clay lands agriculture is also extensively practised. in the high-fen district peat-digging is the chief occupation. the effect of this industry, however, is to lay bare a subsoil of diluvial sand which offers little inducement for subsequent cultivation. despite the general productiveness of the soil, however, the social condition of friesland has remained in a backward state and poverty is rife in many districts. the ownership of property being largely in the hands of absentee landlords, the peasantry have little interest in the land, the profits from which go to enrich other provinces. moreover, the nature of the fertility of the meadow-lands is such as to require little manual labour, and other industrial means of subsistence have hardly yet come into existence. this state of affairs has given rise to a social-democratic outcry on account of which friesland is sometimes regarded as the \"ireland of holland.\" the water system of the province comprises a few small rivers (now largely canalized) in the high lands in the east, and the vast network of canals, waterways and lakes of the whole north and west. the principal lakes are tjeuke meer, sloter meer, de fluessen and sneeker meer. the tides being lowest on the north coast of the province, the scheme of the waterstaat, the government department (dating from 1879), provides for the largest removal of superfluous surface water into the lauwerszee. but owing to the long distance which the water must travel from certain parts of the province, and the continual recession of the lauwerszee, the drainage problem is a peculiarly difficult one, and floods are sometimes inevitable. the population of the province is evenly distributed in small villages. the principal market centres are leeuwarden, the chief towns, sneek, bolsward, franeker (qq.v.), dokkum (4053) and heerenveen (5011). with the exception of franeker and heerenveen all these towns originally arose on the inlet of the middle sea. the seaport towns are more or less decayed; they include stavoren (820), hindeloopen (1030), workum (3428), harlingen (q.v.) and makkum (2456). for history see frisians. frieze. 1. (through the fr. _frise_, and ital. _fregio_, from the lat. _phrygium, sc. opus_, phrygian or embroidered work), a term given in architecture to the central division of the entablature of an order (see order), but also applied to any oblong horizontal feature, introduced for decorative purposes and enriched with carving. the doric frieze had a structural origin as the triglyphs suggest vertical support. the ionic frieze was purely decorative and probably did not exist in the earliest examples, if we may judge by the copies found in the lycian tombs carved in the rock. there is no frieze in the caryatide portico of the erechtheum, but in the ionic temples its introduction may have been necessitated in consequence of more height being required in the entablature to carry the beams supporting the lacunaria over the peristyle. in the frieze of the erechtheum the figures (about 2 ft. high) were carved in white marble and affixed by clamps to a background of black eleusinian marble. the frieze of the choragic monument of lysicrates (10 in. high) was carved with figures representing the story of dionysus and the pirates. the most remarkable frieze ever sculptured was that on the outside of the wall of the cella of the parthenon representing the procession of the celebrants of the panathenaic festival. it was 40 in. in height and 525 ft. long, being carried round the whole building under the peristyle. nearly the whole of the western frieze exists _in situ_; of the remainder, about half is in the british museum, and as much as remains is either in athens or in other museums. in some of the roman temples, as in the temple of antoninus and faustina and the temple of the sun, the frieze is elaborately carved and in later work is made convex, to which the term \"pulvinated\" is given. 2. (probably connected with \"frizz,\" to curl; there is no historical reason to connect the word with friesland), a thick, rough woollen cloth, of very lasting quality, and with a heavy nap, forming small tufts or curls. it is largely manufactured in ireland. frigate (fr. _fregate_, span. and port. _fragata_; the etymology of the word is obscure; it has been derived from the late lat. _fabricata_, and the use of the fr. _batiment_, for a vessel as well as a building is compared; another suggestion derives the word from the gr. [greek: aphraktos], unfenced or unguarded), originally a small swift, undecked vessel, propelled by oars or sails, in use on the mediterranean. the word is thus used of the large open boats, without guns, used for war purposes by the portuguese in the east indies during the 16th and 17th centuries. the french first applied the term to a particular type of ships of war during the second quarter of the 18th century. the seven years' war (1756-1763) marked the definite adoption of the \"frigate\" as a standard class of vessel, coming next to ships of the line, and used for cruising and scouting purposes. they were three-masted, fully rigged, fast vessels, with the main armament carried on a single deck, and additional guns on the poop and forecastle. the number of guns varied from 24 to 50, but between 30 and 40 guns was the usual amount carried. \"frigate\" continued to be used as the name for this type of ship, even after the introduction of steam and of ironclad vessels, but the class is now represented by that known as \"cruiser.\"",
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