FRIES

fries, elias magnus (1794-1878), swedish botanist, was born at femsjo, smaland, on the 15th of august 1794. from his father, the pastor of the church at femsjo, he early acquired an extensive knowledge of flowering plants. in 1811 he entered the university of lund, where in 1814 he was elected docent of botany and in 1824 professor. in 1834 he became professor of practical economy at upsala, and in 1844 and 1848 he represented the university of that city in the rigsdag. on the death of goran wahlenberg (1780-1851) he was appointed professor of botany at upsala, where he died on the 8th of february 1878. fries was admitted a member of the swedish royal academy in 1847, and a foreign member of the royal society of london in 1875. as an author on the cryptogamia he was in the first rank. he wrote _novitiae florae suecicae_ (1814 and 1823); _observationes mycologicae_ (1815); _flora hollandica_ (1817-1818); _systema mycologicum_ (1821-1829); _systema orbis vegetabilis_, not completed (1825); _elenchus fungorum_ (1828); _lichenographia europaea_ (1831); _epicrisis systematis mycologici_ (1838; 2nd ed., or _hymenomycetes europaei_, 1874); _summa vegetabilium scandinaviae_ (1846); _sveriges atliga och giftiga svampar_, with coloured plates (1860); _monographia hymenomycetum suecicae_ (1863), with the _icones hymenomycetum_, vol. i. (1867), and pt. i. vol. ii. (1877).