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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:foussa:27f4c417fba4",
    "title": "FOUSSA",
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    "verified_text": "foussa, or fossa, the native name of _cryptoprocta ferox_, a somewhat cat-like or civet-like mammal peculiar to madagascar, where it is the largest carnivorous animal. it is about twice the size of a cat (5 ft. from nose to end of tail), with short close fur of nearly uniform pale brown. little is known of its habits, except that it is nocturnal, frequently attacks and carries off goats, and especially kids, and shows great ferocity when wounded, on which account it is much dreaded by the natives. an example lived in the london zoological gardens for nearly fourteen years. see carnivora. fowey (usually pronounced _foy_), a seaport and market-town in the bodmin parliamentary division of cornwall, england, on the great western railway, 25 m. by sea w. of plymouth. pop. (1901) 2258. it lies on the west shore of the picturesque estuary of the river fowey, close to the water's edge, and sheltered by a screen of hills. its church of st nicholas is said to have been built in the 14th century, on the site of a still older edifice dedicated to st finbar of cork. it has a fine tower and late norman doorway. within are a priest's chamber over the porch, a handsome oak ceiling, a 15th-century pulpit, and some curious monuments and brasses. place house, adjacent to the church, is a highly ornate tudor building. a few ancient houses remain in the town. deep-sea fishing is carried on; but the staple trade consists in the export of china clay and minerals, coal being imported. fowey harbour, which is easy of access in clear weather, will admit large vessels at any state of the tide. st catherine's fort, dating from the days of henry viii. and now ruined, stands at the harbour's mouth, and once formed the main defence of the town. opposite the town, and connected with it by bodeneck ferry, is the village of polruan. its main features are st saviour's chapel, with an ancient rood-stone, and the remains of hall house, which was garrisoned during the civil wars of the 17th century. fowey (fawy, vawy, fowyk) held a leading position amongst cornish ports from the reign of edward i. to the days of the tudors. the numerous references to the privateering exploits of its ships in the patent and close rolls and the extraordinary number of them at the siege of calais in 1346 alike testify to its importance. during this period the king's mandates were addressed to the bailiffs or to the mayor and bailiffs, and no charter of incorporation appears to have been granted until the reign of james ii. under the second charter of 1690 the common council consisted of a mayor and eight aldermen and these with a recorder elected the free burgesses. a member for fowey and looe was summoned to a council at westminster in 1340, but from that date until 1571, when it was entrusted with the privilege of returning two members, it had no parliamentary representation. by the reform act of 1832 it lost both its members. it had ceased to exercise its municipal functions a few years previously. in 1316 the prior of tywardreath, as lord of the manor, obtained the right to hold a monday market and two fairs on the feasts of st finbar and st lucy, but by the charter of 1690 provision was made for a saturday market and three fairs, on the 1st of may, 10th of september and shrove tuesday, and only these three continue to be held. fowl (dan. _fugl_, ger. _vogel_), a term originally used in the sense that bird[1] now is, but, except in composition,--as sea-fowl, wild-fowl and the like,--practically almost confined[2] at present to designate the otherwise nameless species which struts on our dunghills, gathers round our barn-doors, or stocks our poultry yards--the type of the genus _gallus_ of ornithologists, of which four well-marked species are known. the _first_ of these is the red jungle-fowl of the greater part of india, _g. ferrugineus_,--called by many writers _g. bankiva_,--which is undoubtedly the parent stock of all the domestic races (cf. darwin, _animals and plants under domestication_, i. pp. 233-246). it inhabits northern india from sind to burma and cochin china, as well as the malay peninsula and many of the islands as far as timor, besides the philippines. it occurs on the himalayas up to the height of 4000 ft., and its southern limits in the west of india proper are, according to jerdon, found on the raj-peepla hills to the south of the nerbudda, and in the east near the left bank of the godavery, or perhaps even farther, as he had heard of its being killed at cummum. this species resembles in plumage what is commonly known among poultry-fanciers as the \"black-breasted game\" breed, and this is said to be especially the case with examples from the malay countries, between which and examples from india some differences are observable--the latter having the plumage less red, the ear-lappets almost invariably white, and slate-coloured legs, while in the former the ear-lappets are crimson, like the comb and wattles, and the legs yellowish. if the malayan birds be considered distinct, it is to them that the name _g. bankiva_ properly applies. this species is said to be found in lofty forests and in dense thickets, as well as in ordinary bamboo-jungles, and when cultivated land is near its haunts, it may be seen in the fields after the crops are cut in straggling parties of from 10 to 20. the crow to which the cock gives utterance morning and evening is just like that of a bantam, never prolonged as in most domestic birds. the hen breeds from january to july, according to the locality; and lays from 8 to 12 creamy-white eggs, occasionally scraping together a few leaves or a little dry grass by way of a nest. the so-called _g. giganteus_, formerly taken by some ornithologists for a distinct species, is now regarded as a tame breed of _g. ferrugineus_ or _bankiva_. the _second_ good species is the grey jungle-fowl, _g. sonnerati_, whose range begins a little to the northward of the limits of the preceding, and it occupies the southern part of the indian peninsula, without being found elsewhere. the cock has the end of the shaft of the neck-hackles dilated, forming a horny plate, like a drop of yellow sealing-wax. his call is very peculiar, being a broken and imperfect kind of crow, quite unlike that of _g. ferrugineus_ and more like a cackle. the two species where their respective ranges overlap, occasionally interbreed in a wild state, and the present readily crosses in confinement with domestic poultry, but the hybrids are nearly always sterile. the _third_ species is the sinhalese jungle-fowl, _g. stanleyi_ (the _g. lafayettii_ of some authors), peculiar to ceylon. this also greatly resembles in plumage some domestic birds, but the cock is red beneath, and has a yellow comb with a red edge and purplish-red cheeks and wattles. he has also a singularly different voice, his crow being dissyllabic. this bird crosses readily with tame hens, but the hybrids are believed to be infertile. the _fourth_ species, _g. varius_ (the _g. furcatus_ of some authors), inhabits java and the islands eastwards as far as flores. this differs remarkably from the others in not possessing hackles, and in having a large unserrated comb of red and blue and only a single chin wattle. the predominance of green in its plumage is another easy mark of distinction. hybrids between this species and domestic birds are often produced, but they are most commonly sterile. some of them have been mistaken for distinct species, as those which have received the names of _g. aeneus_ and _g. temmincki_. several circumstances seem to render it likely that fowls were first domesticated in burma or the countries adjacent thereto, and it is the tradition of the chinese that they received their poultry from the west about the year 1400 b.c. by the institutes of manu, the tame fowl is forbidden, though the wild is allowed to be eaten--showing that its domestication was accomplished when they were written. the bird is not mentioned in the old testament nor by homer, though he has [greek: 'alektor] (cock) as the name of a man, nor is it figured on ancient egyptian monuments. pindar mentions it, and aristophanes calls it the persian bird, thus indicating it to have been introduced to greece through persia, and it is figured on babylonian cylinders between the 6th and 7th centuries b.c. it is sculptured on the lycian marbles in the british museum (c. 600 b.c.), and e. blyth remarks (ibis, 1867, p. 157) that it is there represented with the appearance of a true jungle-fowl, for none of the wild _galli_ have the upright bearing of the tame breed, but carry their tail in a drooping position. for further particulars of these breeds see poultry. (a. n.) footnotes: [1] _bird_ (cognate with _breed_ and _brood_) was originally the young of any animal, and an early act of the scottish parliament speaks of \"wolf-birdis,\" i.e. wolf-cubs. [2] like _deer_ (dan. _dyr_, ger. _tier_). _beast_, too, with some men has almost attained as much specialization.",
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