FOUILLEE

fouillee, alfred jules emile (1838- ), french philosopher, was born at la poueze on the 18th of october 1838. he held several minor philosophical lectureships, and from 1864 was professor of philosophy at the lycees of douai, montpellier and bordeaux successively. in 1867 and 1868 he was crowned by the academy of moral science for his work on plato and socrates. in 1872 he was elected master of conferences at the ecole normale, and was made doctor of philosophy in recognition of his two treatises, _platonis hippias minor sive socratica contra liberum arbitrium argumenta_ and _la liberte et le determinisme_. the strain of the next three years' continuous work undermined his health and his eyesight, and he was compelled to retire from his professorship. during these years he had published works on plato and socrates and a history of philosophy (1875); but after his retirement he further developed his philosophical position, a speculative eclecticism through which he endeavoured to reconcile metaphysical idealism with the naturalistic and mechanical standpoint of science. in _l'evolutionnisme des idees-forces_ (1890), _la psychologie des idees-forces_ (1893), and _la morale des idees-forces_ (1907), is elaborated his doctrine of _idees-forces_, or of mind as efficient cause through the tendency of ideas to realize themselves in appropriate movement. ethical and sociological developments of this theory succeed its physical and psychological treatment, the consideration of the antinomy of freedom being especially important. fouillee's wife, who by a previous marriage was the mother of the poet and philosopher jean marie guyau (1854-1888), is well known, under the pseudonym of "g. bruno," as the author of educational books for children. his other chief works are: _l'idee moderne du droit en allemagne, en angleterre et en france_ (paris, 1878); _la science sociale contemporaine_ (1880); _la propriete sociale et la democratie_ (1884); _critique des systemes de morale contemporains_ (1883); _la morale, l'art et la religion d'apres guyau_ (1889); _l'avenir de la metaphysique fondee sur l'experience_ (1889); _l'enseignement au point de vue national_ (1891); _descartes_ (1893); _temperament et caractere_ (2nd ed., 1895); _le mouvement positiviste et la conception sociologique du monde_ (1896); _le mouvement idealiste et la reaction contre la science positive_ (1896); _la psychologie du peuple francais_ (2nd ed., 1898); _la france au point de vue moral_ (1900); _l'esquisse psychologique des peuples europeens_ (1903); _nietzsche et l' "immoralisme"_ (1903); _le moralisme de kant_ (1905).