FORSTER

forster, john (1812-1876), english biographer and critic, was born on the 2nd of april 1812 at newcastle. his father, who was a unitarian and belonged to the junior branch of a good northumberland family, was a cattle-dealer. after being well grounded in classics and mathematics at the grammar school of his native town, john forster was sent in 1828 to cambridge, but after only a month's residence he removed to london, where he attended classes at university college, and was entered at the inner temple. he devoted himself, however, chiefly to literary pursuits. he contributed to _the true sun, the morning chronicle_ and to _the examiner_, for which he acted as literary and dramatic critic; and the influence of his powerful individuality soon made itself felt. his _lives of the statesmen of the commonwealth_ (1836-1839) appeared partly in lardner's cyclopaedia. he published the work separately in 1840 with a _treatise on the popular progress in english history_. its merits obtained immediate recognition, and forster became a prominent figure in that distinguished circle of literary men which included bulwer, talfourd, albany, fonblanque, landor, carlyle and dickens. forster is said to have been for some time engaged to letitia landon, but the engagement was broken off, and miss landon married george maclean. in 1843 he was called to the bar but he never became a practising lawyer. for some years he edited the _foreign quarterly review_; in 1846, on the retirement of charles dickens, he took charge for some months of the _daily news_; and from 1847 to 1856 he edited the _examiner_. from 1836 onwards he contributed to the _edinburgh quarterly_ and _foreign quarterly_ reviews a variety of articles, some of which were republished in two volumes of _biographical and historical essays_ (1858). in 1848 appeared his admirable _life and times of oliver goldsmith_ (revised in 1854). continuing his researches into english history under the early stuarts, he published in 1860 the _arrest of the five members by charles i.--a chapter of english history rewritten_, and _the debates on the grand remonstrance, with an introductory essay on english freedom_. these were followed by his _sir john eliot: a biography_ (1864), elaborated from one of his earlier studies for the _lives of eminent british statesmen_. in 1868 appeared his _life of landor_, and, on the death of his friend alexander dyce, forster undertook the publication of his third edition of shakespeare. for several years he had been collecting materials for a life of swift, but he interrupted his studies in this direction to write his standard _life of charles dickens_. he had long been intimate with the novelist, and it is by this work that john forster is now chiefly remembered. the first volume appeared in 1872, and the biography was completed in 1874. towards the close of 1875 the first volume of his _life of swift_ was published; and he had made some progress in the preparation of the second at the time of his death on the 2nd of february 1876. in 1855 forster had been appointed secretary to the lunacy commission, and from 1861 to 1872 he held the office of a commissioner in lunacy. his valuable collection of manuscripts, including the original copies of charles dickens's novels, together with his books and pictures, was bequeathed to south kensington museum. an admirable account of him by henry morley is prefixed to the official handbook (1877) of the dyce and forster bequests.