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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:fluoranthene:30b72ba781af",
    "title": "FLUORANTHENE",
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    "verified_text": "fluoranthene, c15h10, also known as idryl, a hydrocarbon occurring with phenanthrene, pyrene, diphenyl, and other substances in \"stupp\" fat (the fat obtained in working up the mercury ores in idria), and also in the higher boiling fractions of the coal tar distillate. it was discovered by r. fittig in 1878, who, with gebhard and h. liepmann, elucidated its constitution (see _ann._, 1879, 200, p. 1). the hydrocarbons are separated from the \"stupp\" by means of alcohol, the soluble portion on distillation giving first phenanthrene and then a mixture of pyrene and fluoranthene. from the tar distillate, the chrysene can be fractionally precipitated, and the fluoranthene can be separated from most of the pyrene by fractional distillation in a partial vacuum. in either case the two hydrocarbons are finally separated by fractional crystallization of their picrates, which are then decomposed by ammonia. fluoranthene crystallizes in large slender needles or monoclinic tables, melting at 109-110 deg. c. and boiling at 250-251 deg. c. (60 mm.). it is easily soluble in hot alcohol, ether and carbon bisulphide. on oxidation with chromic acid it forms a quinone, c15h8o2, and an [alpha]-diphenylene ketocarboxylic acid c6h4 \\ . > co c6h3 / -- co2h. the picrate melts at 182-183 deg. c. fluorene ([alpha]-diphenylene methane), c13h10 or (c6h4)2ch2, a hydrocarbon found in coal-tar. it is obtained from the higher boiling fractions, after separation of naphthalene and anthracene, by fractional distillation, the portion boiling between 290-340 deg. c. being taken. the fluorene is separated from this by placing it in a freezing mixture, and is then redistilled or crystallized from glacial acetic acid, or purified by means of its picrate. it may be prepared by distilling diphenylene ketone over zinc dust, or by heating it with hydriodic acid and phosphorus to 150-160 deg. c.; and also by passing the vapour of diphenyl methane through a red hot tube. it crystallizes in colourless plates, possessing a violet fluorescence, melting at 112-113 deg. and boiling at 293-295 deg. c. by oxidation with chromic acid in glacial acetic acid solution, it is converted into diphenylene ketone (c6h4)2.co; whilst on heating with hydriodic acid and phosphorus to 250-260 deg. c. it gives a hydro derivative of composition c18h22.",
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