FLOWER

flower, fruit); (b) anatomy, the study of internal structure, including minute anatomy or histology (see plants: _anatomy_). 2. cytology (q.v.), the intimate structure and behaviour of the cell and its contents--protoplasm, nucleus, &c. 3. physiology, the study of the life-functions of the entire plant and its organs (see plants: _physiology_). 4. systematic, the arrangement and classification of plants (see plants: _classification_). 5. distribution or geographical botany, the consideration of the distribution of plants on the earth's surface (see plants: _distribution_). 6. palaeontology, the study of the fossils found in the various strata of which the earth is composed (see palaeobotany). 7. ecology or oecology, the study of plants in relation to each other and to their environment (see plants: _ecology_). besides these departments which deal with botany as a science, there are various applications of botany, such as forestry (see forests and forestry), agriculture (q.v.), horticulture (q.v.), and materia medica (for use in medicine; see the separate articles on each plant). (a. b. r.) footnotes: [1] morison, _pradudia botanica_ (1672); _plantarum historia universalis_ (1680). [2] rivinus (augustus quirinus) paterno nomine bachmann, _introductio genetatis in rem herbariam_ (lipsiae, 1690). [3] tournefort, _elemens de botanique_ (1694); _institutiones rei herbariae_ (1700).