FLEMING

fleming, sir sandford (1827- ), canadian engineer and publicist, was born at kirkcaldy, scotland, on the 7th of january 1827, but emigrated to canada in 1845. great powers of work and thoroughness in detail brought him to the front, and he was from 1867 to 1880 chief engineer of the dominion government. under his control was constructed the intercolonial railway, and much of the canadian pacific. after his retirement in 1880 he devoted himself to the study of canadian and imperial problems, such as the unification of time reckoning throughout the world, and the construction of a state-owned system of telegraphs throughout the british empire. after years of labour he saw the first link forged in the chain, in the opening in 1902 of the pacific cable between canada and australia. though not a party man he strongly advocated federation in 1864-1867, and in 1891 vehemently attacked the liberal policy of unrestricted reciprocity with the united states. he took the deepest interest in education, and in 1880 became chancellor of queen's university, kingston. he published _the intercolonial: a history_ (montreal and london, 1876); _england and canada_ (london, 1884); and numerous _brochures_ and magazine articles on scientific, social and political subjects.