FEE

fee, an estate in land held of a superior lord on condition of the performance of homage or service (see feudalism). in english law "fee" signifies an estate of inheritance (i.e. an estate descendable to the heirs of the grantee so long as there are any in existence) as opposed to an estate for life. it is divisible into three species: (1) fee simple; (2) conditional fee; (3) fee tail. (see estate.) a fee farm rent is the rent reserved on granting a fee farm, i.e. land in fee simple, to be held by the tenant and his heirs at a yearly rent. it is generally at least one-fourth of the value of the land at the time of its reservation. (see rent.) the word "fee" has also the sense of remuneration for services, especially the _honorarium_ paid to a doctor, lawyer or member of any other profession. it is also used of a fixed sum paid for the right to enter for an examination, or on admission to membership of a university or other society. this sense of the word is taken by the _new english dictionary_ to be due to a use of "fee" in its feudal sense, and to represent a sum paid to the holder of an office "in fee." the etymology of the med. lat. _feudum_, _feodum_ or _feum_, of its french equivalent _fief_, and english "fee," in scots law "feu" (q.v.), is extremely obscure. (see the _new english dictionary_, s.v. "fee.") there is a common teutonic word represented in old english as _feoh_ or _feo_, in old high german as _fehu_, meaning property in the shape of cattle (cf. modern ger. _vieh_, dutch _vee_). the old aryan _peku_ gives sanskrit _pacu_, lat. _pecus_, cattle, whence _pecunia_, money. the o. eng. _feoh_, in the sense of money, possibly survives in "fee," honorarium, though this is not the view of the _new english dictionary_. the common explanation of the med. lat. _feudum_ or _feodum_, of which ducange (_glossarium_, s.v.) gives an example from a constitution of the emperor charles the fat of the year 884, is that it is formed from the teutonic _fehu_, property, and _od_, wealth (cf. allodium and udal). this would apparently restrict the original meaning to movable property, while the early applications of _feudum_ are to the enjoyment of something granted in return for service (_beneficium_). another theory takes the origin to be _fehu_ alone, in a particular sense of wages, payment for services. this leaves the _d-_ of _feudum_ unexplained. some have taken the origin to be a verbal form _feudare_ = _feum dare_. another theory finds the source in the o. high ger. _fehon_, to eat, feed upon, "take for one's enjoyment."