FARRIER

farrier, and farriery (from lat. _ferrarius_, a blacksmith, _ferrum_, iron). farrier is the name given generally either to the professional shoer of horses or in a more extended sense to a practitioner of the veterinary art; and farriery is the term for his business. primarily the art of farriery is identical with that of the blacksmith, in so far as he makes and fixes shoes on horses (see horse-shoes); he is liable in law for negligence, as one who holds himself out as skilled; and he has a lien on the animal for his expenses. william the conqueror is supposed to have introduced horse-shoeing into england, and the art had an important place through the middle ages, the days of chivalry, and the later developments of equitation. in modern times it has been closely allied with the general progress in veterinary science, and in the knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the horse's foot and hoof. see fisher, _the farrier_ (1893); lungwitz, _text-book of horse-shoeing_ (eng. trans., 1898). fars (the name _farsistan_ is not used), one of the five _mamlikats_ (great provinces) of persia, extending along the northern shore of the persian gulf and bounded on the west by arabistan, on the north by isfahan and on the east by kerman. it lies between 49 deg. 30' and 56 deg. 10' e. and 26 deg. 20' and 31 deg. 45' n. and has an area of nearly 60,000 sq. m. fars is the same word as the greek _persis_, and, originally the name of only a part of the persian empire (iran), has become the name which europeans have applied to the whole (see persis). the province is popularly, but not for administrative purposes, divided according to climate into _germsir_ and _sardsir_, or the warm and cold regions. the former extends from the sea to the central chain of hills and contains all the lowlands and many mountainous districts, some of the latter rising to an elevation of between 3000 and 4000 ft. and the _sardsir_ comprises the remaining and northern districts of the province. in arrian's relation of the voyage of nearchus (_indica_, 40), these two regions are well described. "the first part of persis which lies along the persian gulf is hot, sandy and barren and only the date palm thrives there. the other part comprehends inner persis lying northwards; it enjoys a pleasant climate and has fertile and well-watered plains, gardens with trees of all kinds, rich pasturages and forests abounding with game; with the exception of the olive all fruits are produced in profusion, particularly the vine. horses and other draught animals are reared in the province, and there are several lakes frequented by water-fowl, and streams of clear water flow through it, as for instance the kyros (kur) formed by the junction of the medos and araxes." the mountains of fars may be considered as a continuation of the zagros and run parallel to the shores of the persian gulf. they comprise several ranges which the roads from the sea to the interior have to cross at right angles, thereby rendering communication and transport very difficult. the highest of the mountains of fars (14,000 ft.) is the kuh dina in the north-western part of the province. of the rivers of fars only three important ones flow into the sea: (1) the mand (arrian's sitakos), karaaghach in its upper course; (2) the shapur or khisht river (granis); (3) the tab (oroatis). some rivers, notably the kur (kyros, araxes) which flows into the bakhtegan lake east of shiraz, drain into inland depressions or lakes. the capital of the province is shiraz, and the subdivision in districts, the chief places of the districts and their estimated population, and the number of inhabited villages in each as they appear in lists dated 1884 and 1905 are shown on the following page. +---+-----------------------+-------------------------+-----------+ | | | chief place or seat of | number of | | | | government. | inhabited | | | name of district. +---------------+---------+ villages | | | | name. | popula- | in | | | | | tion. | district. | +---+-----------------------+---------------+---------+-----------+ | 1 | abadeh iklid | abadeh | 4,000 | 33 | | 2 | abadeh-tashk | tashk | 600 | 8 | | 3 | abarj | dashtek | 2,000 | 6 | | 4 | abbasi | | | | | | (1) bander abbasi[1] | | | | | | and villages | bander abbasi | 10,000 | 14 | | | (2) issin and tazian | issin | | 6 | | | (3) shamil | shamil | 1,000 | 18 | | | (4) moghistan | ziarat | | 10 | | | (5) minab | minab | 4,000 | 23 | | 5 | afzar | ni-mdeh | | 12 | | 6 | 'alemrud | sabzpushan | 1,000 | 16 | | 7 | arb'ah (the four) | | | | | | (1) deh rud | | | | | | (2) deh ram | deh ram | 1,500 | 19 | | | (3) hengam | | | | | | (4) rudbal | | | | | 8 | ardakan | ardakan | 5,000 | 10 | | 9 | arsinjan | arsinjan | 5,000 | 25 | |10 | asir | asir | 500 | 10 | |11 | baiza | baiza | 2,000 | 55 | |12 | bi-dshahr and juvi-m | bidshahr | 3,000 | 23 | |13 | bovanat | surian | 500 | 23 | |14 | darab | darab | 5,000 | 62 | |15 | dashti | | | | | | (1) bardistan | bander dair | 1,000 | 28 | | | (2) buluk | bushgan | | 18 | | | (3) mandistan | kaki | 1,500 | 40 | | | (4) tassuj | tang bagh | 500 | 11 | | | (5) shumbeh | shumbeh | | 15 | |16 | dashtistan | | | | | | (1) angali | haftjush | | 10 | | | (2) ahrom | ahrom | 1,500 | 5 | | | (3) borazjan | borazjan | 4,000 | 19 | | | (4) bushire[1] | bushire | 25,000 | 20 | | | (5) daliki | daliki | 1,500 | 7 | | | (6) gonavah | gonavah | 1,000 | 12 | | | (7) hayat daud | bander rig | 1,000 | 6 | | | (8) khurmuj | khurmuj | 1,000 | 5 | | | (9) rud hillah | kelat sukhteh | | 10 | | | (10) shaban kareh | deh kohneh | | 27 | | | (11) tangistan | tangistan | 1,000 | 31 | | | (12) zengeneh | samal | 750 | 4 | | | (13) zirah | zirah | | 6 | |17 | dizkurd | cherkes | 500 | 6 | |18 | famur | pagah | 300 | 3 | |19 | ferrashband | ferrashband | 1,000 | 14 | |20 | fessa | fessa | 5,000 | 40 | |21 | firuzabad | firuzabad | 4,000 | 20 | |22 | gillehdar | gillehdar | 1,000 | 43 | |23 | humeh of shiraz | zerkan | 1,000 | 89 | |24 | istahbanat | istahbanat | 10,000 | 12 | |25 | jahrum | jahrum | 10,000 | 33 | |26 | jireh | ishfayikan | | 23 | |27 | kamfiruz | palangeri | | 34 | |28 | kamin | kalilek | | 11 | |29 | kazerun | kazerun | 8,000 | 46 | |30 | kavar | kavar | | 26 | |31 | kir and karzin | kir | 1,000 | 23 | |32 | khafr | khafr | 1,000 | 41 | |33 | khajeh | zanjiran | 500 | 15 | |34 | khisht | khisht | 2,500 | 25 | |35 | khunj | khunj | 1,500 | 27 | |36 | kongan | bander kongan | | 12 | |37 | kuh gilu and behbahan | behbahan | 10,000 | 182 | |38 | kurbal | gavkan | 600 | 67 | |39 | kuh i marreh shikeft | shikeft | | 41 | |40 | kunkuri | kazian | | 29 | |41 | laristan | | | | | | (1) lar | lar | 8,000 | 34 | | | (2) bikhah ihsham | bairam | | 11 | | | (3) bikhah fal | ishkenan | | 10 | | | (4) jehangiriyeh | bastak | 4,000 | 30 | | | (5) shib kuh | bander charak | | 36 | | | (6) fumistan or | | | | | | gavbandi | gavbandi | | 13 | | | (7) kauristan | kauristan | | 4 | | | (8) lingah[1] | bander lingah | 10,000 | 11 | | | (9) mazayijan | mazayijan | | 6 | |42 | mahur milati | jemalgird | | 5 | |43 | maimand | maimand | 5,000 | 14 | |44 | maliki | bander assalu | 1,000 | 25 | |45 | mamasenni (shulistan) | | | | | | (1) bekesh \ | | | 8 | | | (2) javidi or javi | | | | 6 | | | (3) dushmanziaris | | | | 16 | | | (4) rustami >| kal'ah safid | | 26 | | | (5) fahlian | | | | 7 | | | (6) kakan / | | | 5 | |46 | mayin | mayin | | 8 | |47 | mervast and herat | mervast | | 14 | |48 | mervdasht | | | | | | (1) upper khafrek \ | | | 14 | | | (2) lower khafrek >| fathabad | 1,250 | 16 | | | (3) mervdasht / | | | 22 | |49 | meshhed mader suliman | murghab | 800 | 6 | |50 | niriz | niriz | 9,000 | 24 | |51 | ramjird | jashian | | 36 | |52 | rudan and ahmedi | dehbariz | | 21 | |53 | sab'ah (the seven) | | | | | | (1) bivunj (bi-vanej)| durz | | 14 | | | (2) hasanabad | hasanabad | | 7 | | | (3) tarom | tarun | 2,000 | 15 | | | (4) faraghan | faraghan | 1,500 | 13 | | | (5) forg | forg | 3,000 | 18 | | | (6) fin and guhrah | fin | | 13 | | | (7) gileh gah (aban- | | | | | | doned) ziaret | ziaret | 1,000 | 11 | |54 | sarchahan | | | | |55 | sarhad chahar dungeh | \ | | | | | (1) dasht ujan | | | | | | | (2) dasht khosro va | | | | | | | shirin | > kushk zard | | 31 | | | (3) dasht khungasht | | | | | | | (4) dasht kushk zard | / | | | |56 | sarhad shesh nahiyeh | | | | | | (1) padina (foot of | | | | | | mount dina | khur \ | | | | | (2) henna | henna | | | | | | (3) samiram | samiram | | | | | | (4) felard | felard > | | 24 | | | (5) vardasht | germabad | | | | | | (6) vank | vank / | | | |57 | sarvistan | sarvistan | 4,500 | 23 | |58 | shiraz (town) in 1884 | |53,607[2]| | |59 | siyakh | darinjan | | 13 | |60 | simkan | duzeh | | 28 | +---+-----------------------+---------------+---------+-----------+ the above sixty districts are grouped into eighteen sub-provinces under governors appointed by the governor-general of fars, but the towns of bushire, lingah and bander abbasi, together with the villages in their immediate neighbourhood, form a separate government known as that of the "persian gulf ports" (benadir i khalij i fars), under a governor appointed from teheran. the population of the province has been estimated at 750,000 and the yearly revenue it pays to the state amounts to about l150,000. many districts are fertile, but some, particularly those in the south-eastern part of the province, do not produce sufficient grain for the requirements of the sparse population. in consequence of droughts, ravages of locusts and misgovernment by local governors the province has been much impoverished and hundreds of villages are in ruins and deserted. about a third of the population is composed of turbulent and lawless nomads who, when on the march between their winter and summer camping grounds, frequently render the roads insecure and occasionally plunder whole districts, leaving the inhabitants without means of subsistence. the province produces much wheat, barley, rice, millet, cotton, but the authorities every now and then prohibiting the export of cereals, the people generally sow just as much as they think will suffice for their own wants. much tobacco of excellent quality, principally for consumption in persia, is also grown (especially in fessa, darab and jahrom) and a considerable quantity of opium, much of it for export to china, is produced. salt, lime and gypsum are abundant. there are also some oil wells at daliki, near bushire, but several attempts to tap the oil have been unsuccessful. there are no valuable oyster-banks in persian waters, and all the persian gulf pearls are obtained from banks on the coast of arabia and near bahrein. (a. h.-s.) footnotes: [1] are forming separate administrative division of "persian gulf ports." [2] persian census in 1884; 25,284 males, 28,323 females. farthing (a.s. _feortha_, fourth, +_ing_, diminutive), the smallest english coin, equal to the fourth of a penny. it became a regular part of the coinage from the reign of edward i., and was, up to the reign of mary, a silver coin. no farthing was struck in the reign of elizabeth, but a silver three-farthing piece was issued in that reign, with a profile bust of the queen crowned, with a rose behind her head, and inscribed "e.d.g. rosa sine spina." the copper farthing was first introduced in the reign of james i., a patent being given to lord harington of exton in 1613 for the issue of copper tokens of this denomination. it was nominally of six grains' weight, but was usually heavier. properly, however, the copper farthing dates from the reign of charles ii., in whose reign also was issued a tin farthing, with a small copper plug in the centre, and an inscription on the edge, "nummorum famulus 1684." no farthings were actually issued in the reign of queen anne, though a number of patterns were prepared (see numismatics: _medieval section, england_). in 1860 the copper farthing was superseded by one struck in bronze. in 1842 a proclamation was issued giving currency to half-farthings, and there were several issues, but they were demonetized in 1869. in 1897 the practice was adopted of darkening farthings before issue, to prevent their being mistaken for half-sovereigns. farthingale (from the o. fr. _verdagalle_, or _vertugalle_, a corruption of the spanish name of the article, _verdagado_, from _verdago_, a rod or stick), a case or hoop, originally of bent rods, but afterwards made of whalebone, upon which were hung the voluminous skirts of a woman's dress. the fashion was introduced into england from spain in the 16th century. in its most exaggerated shape, at the beginning of the 17th century, the top of the farthingale formed a flat circular surface projecting at right angles to the bodice (see costume).