FAED

faed, thomas (1826-1900), british painter, born in kirkcudbrightshire, was the brother of john faed, r.s.a., and received his art education in the school of design, edinburgh. he was elected an associate of the royal scottish academy in 1849, came to london three years later, was elected an associate of the royal academy in 1861, and academician in 1864, and retired in 1893. he had much success as a painter of domestic genre, and had considerable executive capacity. three of his pictures, "the silken gown," "faults on both sides," and "the highland mother," are in the national gallery of british art. see william d. mckay, _the scottish school of painting_ (1906). faenza (anc. _faventia_), a city and episcopal see of emilia, italy, in the province of ravenna, from which it is 31 m. s.w. by rail, 110 ft. above sea-level. it is 31 m. s.e. of bologna by rail, on the line from bologna to rimini, and it is the junction of a line to florence through the apennines. pop. (1901) 21,809 (town), 39,757 (commune). the town is surrounded by walls which date from 1456. the cathedral of s. costanzo stands in the spacious piazza vittorio emanuele in the centre of the town. it was begun in 1474 by giuliano da maiano; the facade is, however, incomplete. in the interior is the beautiful early renaissance tomb of s. savinus with reliefs showing scenes from his life, of fine and fresh execution, by benedetto da maiano; and later tombs by p. bariloto, a local sculptor. opposite the cathedral is a fountain with bronze ornamentation of 1583-1621. the clock tower alongside the cathedral belongs to the 17th century. beyond it is the palazzo comunale, formerly the residence of the manfredi, but entirely reconstructed. the other churches of the town have been mostly restored, but s. michele (and the palazzo manfredi opposite it) are fine early renaissance buildings in brickwork. the municipal art gallery contains an altar-piece by girolamo da treviso (who also painted a fresco in the chiesa della commenda), a wooden st jerome by donatello, and a bust of the young st john by antonio rossellino (?), and some fine specimens of majolica, a variety of which, faience, takes its name from the town. it was largely manufactured in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the industry has been revived in modern times with success. the ancient faventia, on the via aemilia, was obviously from its name founded by the romans and had the citizenship before the social war. it was the scene of the defeat of c. papirius carbo and c. norbanus by q. caecilius metellus pius in 82 b.c. in the census of vespasian a woman of faventia is said to have given her age as 135. pliny speaks of the whiteness of its linen, and the productiveness of its vines is mentioned. it is noticeable that some of the fields in the territory of the ancient faventia still preserve the exact size of the ancient roman _centuria_ of 200 _iugeri_ (e. bormann in _corp. inscr. lat._ xi., berlin, 1888, p. 121). when the exarchate was established, the town became part of it, and in 748 it was taken by liutprand. desiderius gave it to the church with the duchy of ferrara. in the 11th century it began to increase in importance. in the wars of the 12th and 13th centuries it at first took the imperial side, but in 1240 it stood a long siege from frederick ii. and was only taken after eight months. after further struggles between guelphs and ghibellines, the manfredi made themselves masters of the place early in the 14th century, and remained in power until 1501, when the town was taken by caesar borgia and the last legitimate members of the house of the manfredi were drowned in the tiber; and, after falling for a few years into the hands of the venetians, it became a part of the states of the church in 1509. (t. as.) faeroe (also written faroe or the faeroes, danish _faeroerne_ or _faroerne_, "the sheep islands"), a group of islands in the north sea belonging to denmark. they are situated between iceland and the shetland islands, about 200 m. n.w. of the latter, about the intersection of 7 deg. e. with 62 deg. n. the total land area of the group is 511 sq. m., and there are twenty-one islands (excluding small rocks and reefs), of which seventeen are inhabited. the population in 1880 amounted to 11,220, and in 1900 to 15,230. the principal islands are stromo, on which is the chief town, thorshavn, with a population of 1656; ostero, sudero, vaago, sando and bordo. they consist throughout of rocks and hills, separated from each other by narrow valleys or ravines; but, though the hills rise abruptly, there are often on their summits, or at different stages of their ascent, plains of considerable magnitude. almost everywhere they present to the sea perpendicular cliffs, broken into fantastic forms, affording at every turn, to those who sail along the coast, the most picturesque and varied scenery. the highest hills are slattaretindur in ostero, and kopende and skellingfjeld in stromo, which rise respectively to 2894, 2592 and 2520 ft. the sea pierces the islands in deep fjords, or separates them by narrow inlets through which tidal currents set with great violence, at speeds up to seven or eight knots an hour; and, as communications are maintained almost wholly by boat, the natives have need of expert watermanship. there are several lakes in which trout are abundant, and char also occur; the largest is sorvaag lake in vaago, which is close to the sea, and discharges into it by a sheer fall of about 160 ft. trees are scarce, and there is evidence that they formerly flourished where they cannot do so now. the fundamental formation is a series of great sheets of columnar basalt, 70 to 100 ft. thick, in which are intercalated thin beds of tuff. upon the basalt rests the so-called coal formation, 35 to 50 ft. thick; the lower part of this is mainly fireclay and sandstone, the upper part is weathered clay with thin layers of brown coal and shale. the coal is found in sudero and in some of the other islands in sufficient quantity to make it a matter of exploitation. above these beds there are layers of dolerite, 15 to 20 ft. thick, with nodular segregations and abundant cavities which are often lined with zeolites. as the rocks lie in a horizontal position, on most of the islands of the group only the basalts or dolerite are visible. the crater from which the volcanic rocks were outpoured probably lies off the faeroe bank some distance to the south-west of sudero. the basalts are submarine flows which formed the basis of the land upon which grew the vegetation which gave rise to the coals; the effusion of dolerite which covered up the coal formation was subaerial. the existing land features, with the fjords, are due to ice erosion in the glacial period.[1] the climate is oceanic; fogs are common, violent storms are frequent at all seasons. july and august are the only true summer months, but the winters are not very severe. it seldom freezes for more than one month, and the harbours are rarely ice-bound. the methods of agriculture are extremely primitive and less than 3% of the total area is under cultivation. as the plough is ill-suited to the rugged surface of the land, the ground is usually turned up with the spade, care being taken not to destroy the roots of the grass, as hay is the principal crop. horses and cows are few, and the cows give little milk, in consequence of the coarse hay upon which they are fed. the number of sheep, however, justifies the name of the islands, some individuals having flocks of from three to five hundred, and the total number in the islands considerably exceeds ten thousand. the northern hare (_lepus alpinus_) is pretty abundant in stromo and ostero, having been introduced into the islands about 1840-1850. the catching of the numerous sea-birds which build their nests upon the face of the cliffs forms an important source of subsistence to the inhabitants. sometimes the fowler is let down from the top of the cliff; at other times he climbs the rocks, or, where possible, is pushed upwards by poles made for the purpose. the birds and the contents of the nests are taken in nets mounted on poles; shooting is not practised, lest it should permanently scare the birds away. fowling has somewhat decreased in modern times, as the fisheries have risen in importance. the puffin is most commonly taken for its feathers. the cod fishery is especially important, dried fish being exported in large quantity, and the swim-bladders made into gelatine, and also used and exported for food. the whaling industry came into importance towards the close of the 19th century, and stations for the extraction of the oil and whalebone have been established at several points, under careful regulations designed to mitigate the pollution of water, the danger to live-stock from eating the blubber, &c. the finner whale is the species most commonly taken. the trade of the faeroe islands was for some time a monopoly in the hands of a mercantile house at copenhagen, and this monopoly was afterwards assumed by the danish government, but by the law of the 21st of march 1855 all restrictions were removed. the produce of the whaling and fishing industries, woollen goods, lamb skins and feathers, are the chief exports, while in thorshavn the preserving of fish and the manufacture of carpets are carried on to some extent. thorshavn is situated on the s.e. side of stromo, upon a narrow tongue of land, having creeks on each side, where ships may be safely moored. it is the seat of the chief government and ecclesiastical officials, and has a government house and a hospital. the houses are generally built of wood and roofed with birch bark covered with turf. the character of the people is marked by simplicity of manners, kindness and hospitality. they are healthy, and the population increases steadily. the faeroes form an _amt_ (county) of denmark. they have also a local parliament (_lagthing_), consisting of the _amtmann_ and nineteen other members. among other duties, this body elects a representative to the upper house of parliament (_landsthing_) in denmark; the people choose by vote a representative in the lower house (_folkething_). the islands are included in the danish bishopric of zealand. _history._--the early history of the faeroes is not clear. it appears that about the beginning of the 9th century grim kamban, a norwegian emigrant who had left his country to escape the tyranny of harold haarfager, settled in the islands. it is said that a small colony of irish and scottish monks were found in sudero and dispersed by him. the faeroes then already bore their name of sheep islands, as these animals had been found to flourish here exceedingly. early in the 11th century sigmund or sigismund bresterson, whose family had flourished in the southern islands but had been almost exterminated by invaders from the northern, was sent from norway, whither he had escaped, to take possession of the islands for olaf trygvason, king of norway. he introduced christianity, and, though he was subsequently murdered, norwegian supremacy was upheld, and continued till 1386, when the islands were transferred to denmark. english adventurers gave great trouble to the inhabitants in the 16th century, and the name of magnus heineson, a native of stromo, who was sent by frederick ii. to clear the seas, is still celebrated in many songs and stories. there was formerly a bishopric at kirkebo, s. of thorshavn, where remains of the cathedral may be seen; but it was abolished at the introduction of protestantism by christian iii. denmark retained possession of the faeroes at the peace of kiel in 1815. the native literature of the islands consists of the _faereyinga saga_, dealing with the period of sigmund bresterson, and a number of popular songs and legends of early origin. bibliography.--lucas jacobson debes, _feroa reserata_ (copenhagen, 1673; eng. transl. london, 1675); torfaeus, _de rebus gestis faereyensium_ (copenhagen, 1695); i. landt, _beskrivelse over faroerne_ (1800), and _descriptions of the feroe islands_ (london, 1810); a.j. symington, _pen and pencil sketches of faroe and iceland_ (1862); j. russel-jeaffreson, _the faroe islands_ (1901); j. falk ronne, _beskrivelse over faroerne_ (copenhagen, 1902); c.h. ostenfeld, e. warming and others, _botany of the faeroes_ (copenhagen, 1901-1903); annandale, _the faroes and iceland_ (oxford, 1905). the _faereyinga saga_ was translated by f. york powell (london, 1896); for folk-songs and legends see s. kraeth, _die faroischen lieder von sigurd_ (paderborn, 1877); v.u. hammershaimb, _faeroisk anthologi_ (copenhagen, 1886-1891). footnote: [1] see hans von post, "om faroarnes uppkomst," _geologiska foreningens i stockholm forhandlingar_, vol. xxiv. (1902). faesulae (mod. _fiesole_, q.v.), an ancient city of etruria, on the height 3 m. to the n.e. of florentia, 970 ft. above sea-level. remains of its walls are preserved on all sides, especially on the n.e., in one place to a height of 12 to 14 courses. the blocks are often not quite rectangular, and the courses sometimes change; but the general tendency is horizontal and the walls are not of remote antiquity, the irregularities in them being rather due to the hardness of the material employed, the rock of the hill itself. the courses vary in height from 1 to 3 ft., and some blocks are as long as 12-1/2 ft. in this portion of the wall are two drains, below one of which is a _phallus_. the site of an ancient gate, and the road below it, can be traced; a little farther e. was an archway, conjectured by dennis to be a gate of the roman period, destroyed in 1848. the whole circuit of the walls extended for about 1-2/3 m. the franciscan monastery (1130 ft.) occupies the site of the acropolis, once encircled by a triple wall, of which no traces are now visible. here was also the _capitolium_ of roman times, as an inscription found here in 1879 records (_corpus inscr. lat._ xi., berlin, 1888, no. 1545). the roman theatre, below the cathedral to the