EUPALINUS

eupalinus, of megara, a greek architect, who constructed for the tyrant polycrates of samos a remarkable tunnel to bring water to the city, passing under a hill. this aqueduct still exists, and is one of the most remarkable constructions in greece (see aqueduct: _greek_). eupatoria (russ. _evpatoria_; also known as _kozlov_ and to the turks as _gezlev_), a seaport of russia, in the government of taurida, on the w. coast of the crimea, 20 m. n.w. of simferopol, on a sandy promontory on the north of kalamita bay, in 45 deg. 12' n. and 33 deg. 40' e. pop. (1871) 8294; (1897) 17,915. this number includes many jews, the karaite sect having here their principal synagogue. here too resides the spiritual head (_gakhan_) of the sect. of its numerous ecclesiastical buildings three are of interest--the synagogue of the karaite jews; one of the mosques, which has fourteen cupolas and is built (1552) after the plan of st sophia in constantinople; and the greek catholic cathedral (1898). the port or rather roadstead has a sandy bottom, and is exposed to violent storms from the n.e. the trade is principally in cereals, skins, cow-hair, felt, tallow and salt. eupatoria has some repute as a sea-bathing resort. according to some authorities it was near this spot that a military post, _eupatorium_, was established in the 1st century a.d. by diophantus, the general of mithradates the great, king of pontus. towards the end of the 15th century the turks built the fortress of gezleveh on the present site, and it became the capital of a khanate. it was occupied by the russians under marshal muennich in 1736, and in 1771 by prince dolgorukov. its annexation to russia took place in 1783. in 1854 the anglo-french troops were landed in the neighbourhood of eupatoria, and in february 1855 the town was occupied by the turkish forces. eupatridae (gr. [greek: eu], well; [greek: pater], father, i.e. "sons of noble fathers"), the ancient nobility of attica. tradition ascribes to theseus, whom it also regards as the author of the union (_synoecism_) of attica round athens as a political centre, the division of the attic population into three classes, eupatridae, geomori and demiurgi. the lexicographers mention as characteristics of the eupatridae that they are the autochthonous population, the dwellers in the city, the descendants of the royal stock. it is probable that after the time of the _synoecism_ the nobles who had hitherto governed the various independent communities were obliged to reside in athens, now the seat of government; and at the beginning of athenian history the noble clans form a class which has the monopoly of political privilege. it is possible that in very early times the eupatridae were the only full citizens of athens; for the evidence suggests that they alone belonged to the phratries, and the division into phratries must have covered the whole citizen body. it is indeed just possible that the term may originally have signified "true member of a clan," since membership of a phratry was a characteristic of each clan ([greek: genos]). it is not probable that the eupatrid families were all autochthonous, even in the loose sense of that term. some had no doubt immigrated to attica when the rest had long been settled there. traces of this union of immigrants with older inhabitants have been detected in the combination of zeus herkeios with apollo patrooes as the ancient gods of the phratry. the exact relation of the eupatridae to the other two classes has been a matter of dispute. it seems probable that the eupatridae were the governing class, the only recognized nobility, the geomori the country inhabitants of all ranks, and the demiurgi the commercial and artisan population. the division attributed to theseus is always spoken of by ancient authorities as a division of the entire population; but busolt has recently maintained the view that the three classes represent three elements in the attic nobility, namely, the city nobility, the landed nobility and the commercial nobility, and exclude altogether the mass of the population. at any rate it seems certain from the little we know of the early constitutional history of athens, that the eupatridae represent the only nobility that had any political recognition in early times. the political history of the eupatridae is that of a gradual curtailment of privilege. they were at the height of their power in the period during the limitation of the monarchy. they alone held the two offices, those of polemarch and archon, which were instituted during the 8th century b.c. to restrict the powers of the kings. in 712 b.c. the office of king ([greek: basileus]) was itself thrown open to all eupatrids (see archon). they thus had the entire control of the administration, and were the sole dispensers of justice in the state. at this latter privilege, which perhaps formed the strongest bulwark of the authority of the eupatridae, a severe blow was struck (c. 621 b.c.) by the publication of a criminal code by draco (q.v.), which was followed by the more detailed and permanent code of solon (c. 594 b.c.), who further threw open the highest offices to any citizen possessed of a certain amount of landed property (see solon), thus putting the claims of the eupatridae to political influence on a level with those of the wealthier citizens of all classes. the most highly coveted office at this time was not that of [greek: basileus], which, like that of the _rex sacrorum_ in rome, had been stripped of all save its religious authority, but that of the archon; soon after the legislation of solon repeated struggles for this office between the eupatridae and leading members of the other two classes resulted in a temporary change. ten archons[1] were appointed, five of whom were to be eupatridae, three agroeci (i.e. geomori), and two demiurgi (arist. _ath. pol_. xiii. 2). this arrangement, though short-lived, is significant of the decay of the political influence of the eupatridae, and it is not likely that they recovered, even in practice, any real control of the government. by the middle of the 6th century the political influence of birth was at an end. the name eupatridae survived in historical times, but the eupatridae were then excluded from the cult of the "semnae" at athens, and also held the hereditary office of "expounder of the law" ([greek: exegetes]) in connexion with purification from the guilt of murder. the combination of these two characteristics suggests some connexion with the legend of orestes. again, isocrates (xvi. 25) says of alcibiades that his grandfather was a eupatrid and his grandmother an alcmaeonid, which suggests that in the 5th century the eupatrids were a single clan, like the alcmaeonids, and that the name had acquired a new signification. a pursuit of these two suggestions has established the probability that this "eupatrid" clan traced its origin to orestes, and derived its name from the hero, who was above all a benefactor of his father. the word will well bear this sense in the two passages in which sophocles (_electra_, 162, 859) applies it to orestes; and it is likely enough that after the disappearance of the old eupatridae as a political corporation, the name was adopted in a different sense, but not without a claim to the distinction inherent in the older sense, by one of the oldest of the clans. bibliography.--g. busolt, _die griechischen staats- und rechts-altertuemer_ (mueller, _handbuch der klassischen altertumswissenschaft_, iv. i), pp. 127 et seq., 155 et seq., 248 (munich, 1892); g. gilbert, _greek constitutional antiquities_, p. 101 et seq. (eng. trans., london, 1895); for eupatridae in historical times, j. toepffer, _attische genealogie_, p. 175 et seq. (berlin, 1889). see also the articles areopagus, archon. (a. m. cl.) footnote: [1] for a discussion of this see archon. eupen (fr. _neau_), a town of germany, in the prussian rhine province, in a beautiful valley at the confluence of the helle and vesdre, 9 m. s. of aix-la-chapelle by rail. pop. (1905) 14,297. it is a flourishing commercial place, and besides cloth and buckskin mills it has net and glove manufactories, soapworks, dyeworks, tanneries and breweries, and also carries on a considerable trade in cattle and dairy produce. it has a protestant and four roman catholic churches, a franciscan monastery, a progymnasium, an orphanage, a hospital, and a chamber of commerce. as part of the duchy of limburg, eupen was under the government of austria until the peace of luneville in 1801, when it passed to france. in 1814 it came into the possession of prussia. euphemism (from gr. [greek: euphemos], having a sound of good omen; [greek: eu], well, and [greek: pheme], sound or voice), a figure of speech in which an unpleasant or coarse phrase is replaced by a softer or less offensive expression. a euphemism has sometimes a metaphorical sense, as in the substitution of the word "sleep" for "death." euphonium (fr. _baryton_; ger. _tenor tube_), a modern brass wind instrument, known in military bands as euphonium and in the orchestra as tuba. the euphonium consists of a brass tube with a conical bore of wide calibre ending in a wide-mouthed bell; it is played by means of a cup-shaped mouthpiece. the sound is produced as in the bombardon, which is the bass of the euphonium, by the varied tension of the lips across the mouthpiece, whereby the natural open notes or harmonics, consisting of the series here shown, are obtained. [illustration] the intervening notes of the chromatic scale are obtained by means of valves or pistons usually four in number, which by opening a passage into additional lengths of tubing lower the pitch one, half, one-and-a-half, two-and-a-half tones (see bombardon; tuba; valves). the euphonium gives out the fundamental, or first note of the harmonic series, readily, but no harmonic above the eighth. euphoniums are made in c and in b[flat], the latter being more generally used. by means of all the valves used at once, the b[flat], an octave below the fundamental, can be reached, giving a compass of four octaves, with chromatic intervals. the bass clef is used in notation. the euphonium is treated by french and german composers as a transposing instrument; in england the real notes are usually written, except when the treble clef is used. the quality of tone is rich and full, harmonizing well with that of the trombone. the euphonium speaks readily in the lower register, but slowly, of course, owing to the long dip of the pistons. messrs rudall carte have removed this difficulty by their patent _short action_ pistons, which have but half the dip of the old pistons. on these instruments it is easy to execute rapid passages. the euphonium is frequently said to be a saxhorn, corresponding to the baryton member of that family, but the statement is misleading. the bombardon and euphonium, like the saxhorns, are the outcome of the application of valves to the bugle family, but there is a radical difference in construction; the tubas (bombardon and euphonium) have a conical bore of sufficiently wide calibre to allow of the production of the fundamental harmonic, which is absent in the saxhorns. the germans classify brass wind instruments as _whole_ and _half_[1] according to whether, having the wide bore of the bugle, the _whole_ length of the tube is available and gives the fundamental proper to an organ pipe of the same length or whether by reason of the narrow bore in proportion to the length, only _half_ the length of the instrument is of practical utility, the harmonic series beginning with the second harmonic. (see bombardon.) (k. s.) footnote: [1] see dr schafhaeutl's article on "musical instruments" in sect. iv. of _bericht der beurtheilungs- commission bei der allg. deutschen industrie ausstellung_ (munich, 1854), pp. 169-170; also fried. zamminer, _die musik und die musikinstrumente in ihrer beziehung zu den gesetzen der akustik_ (giessen, 1855).