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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "title": "ERMAN",
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    "verified_text": "erman, paul (1764-1851), german physicist, was born in berlin on the 29th of february 1764. he was the son of the historian jean pierre erman (1735-1814), author of _histoire des refugies_. he became teacher of science successively at the french gymnasium in berlin, and at the military academy, and on the foundation of the university of berlin in 1810 he was chosen professor of physics. he died at berlin on the 11th of october 1851. his work was mainly concerned with electricity and magnetism, though he also made some contributions to optics and physiology. his son, georg adolf erman (1806-1877), was born in berlin on the 12th of may 1806, and after studying natural science at berlin and konigsberg, spent from 1828 to 1830 in a journey round the world, an account of which he published in _reise um die erde durch nordasien und die beiden ozeane_ (1833-1848). the magnetic observations he made during his travels were utilized by c.f. gauss in his theory of terrestrial magnetism. he was appointed professor of physics at berlin in 1839, and died there on the 12th of july 1877. from 1841 to 1865 he edited the _archiv fur wissenschaftliche kunde von russland_, and in 1874 he published, with h.j.r. petersen, _die grundlagen der gauss'schen theorie und die erscheinungen des erdmagnetismus im jahre 1829_. his son johann peter adolf erman (1854- ), a famous egyptologist, was born in berlin on the 31st of october 1854. educated at leipzig and berlin, he became extraordinary professor in 1883 and ordinary professor in 1892 of egyptology in the university of berlin, and in 1885 he was appointed director of the egyptian department of the royal museum. for an account of the egyptological work of erman and his school, see egypt: _language_. ermanaric (fl. 350-376), king of the east goths, belonged to the amali family, and was the son of achiulf. his name occurs as ermanaricus (jordanes), airmanareiks (gothic), _eormenric_ (a. sax.), jormunrek (norse), ermenrich (m.h. german). ermanaric built up for himself a vast kingdom, which eventually extended from the danube to the baltic and from the don to the theiss. he drove the vandals out of dacia, compelled the allegiance of the neighbouring tribes of west goths, procured the submission of the herules, of many slav and finnish tribes, and even of the esthonians on the shores of the gulf of bothnia. in his later days the west goths threw off his yoke, and, on the invasion of the huns, rather than witness the downfall of his kingdom he is said by ammianus marcellinus to have committed suicide. his fate early became the centre of popular tradition, which found its way into the narrative of jordanes or jornandes (_de rebus geticis_, chap. 24), who compared him to alexander the great and certainly exaggerated the extent of his kingdom. he is there said to have caused a certain sunilda or sanielh to be torn asunder by wild horses on account of her husband's traitorous conduct. her brothers sarus and ammius sought to avenge her. they succeeded in wounding, not in killing the gothic king, whose death supervened in his one hundred and tenth year from the joint effects of his wound and fear of the hunnish invasion. this is evidently a paraphrase of popular story which sought to supply plausible reasons for ermanaric's end. in german legend ermanaric became the typical cruel tyrant, and references to his crimes abound in german epic and in anglo-saxon poetry. he is made to replace odoacer as the enemy of dietrich of bern, his nephew, and his history is related in the norse _vilkina_ or _thidrekssaga_, which chiefly embodies german tradition. his evil genius, sifka, sibicho or bicci, brings about the death of his three sons. the harlungs, imbrecke and fritile,[1] are his nephews, whom he has strangled for the sake of their treasure, the brisingo meni. sonhild or svanhild becomes the wife of ermanaric, and the motive for her murder is replaced by an accusation of adultery between svanhild and her stepson. the story was already connected with the nibelungen when it found its way to the scandinavian north by way of germany. in the _volsunga saga_ svanhild is the daughter of sigurd and gudrun. she is given in marriage to the gothic king jormunrek (ermanaric), who sends his son randver as proxy wooer in company of bicci, the evil counsellor. randver is persuaded by bicci to take his father's bride for himself. randver is hanged and svanhild trampled to death by horses in the gate of the castle. gudrun eggs on sorli and hamdir or hamtheow, her two sons by her third husband, jonakr the hun, to avenge their sister. on the way they slay their half-brother erp, whom they suspect of lukewarmness in the cause; arrived in the hall of ermanaric they make a great slaughter of the goths, and hew off the hands and feet of ermanaric, but they themselves are slain with stones. the tale is told with variations by saxo grammaticus (_historia danica_, ed. muller, p. 408, &c.), and in the icelandic poems, the _lay of hamtheow_, _gudrun's chain of woe_, and in the prose _edda_. bibliography.--w. grimm, in _die deutsche heldensage_ (2nd ed., berlin, 1867), quotes the account given by jordanes, references in beowulf, in the _wanderer's song_, _exeter book_, in _parcival_, in _dietrichs flucht_, the account given in the _quedlinburg chronicle_, by ekkehard in the _chronicon urspergense_, by saxo grammaticus, &c. see also vigfusson and powell, _corpus poeticum boreale_, vol. i. (oxford, 1883), and h. symons, \"die deutsche heldensage\" in paul's _grundriss d. german. phil._ vol. iii. (strassburg, 1900). footnote: [1] emerka and fridla (beowulf, _quedlingburg chron._), aki and etgard (_vilkina saga_). in the original myth the harlungs, who are not to be confused with the hartung brothers, were sent to bring home surya, the bride of the sky-god, irmintiu.",
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