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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:epernon:2b8bda2bf662",
    "title": "EPERNON",
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    "verified_text": "epernon, a town of northern france in the department of eure-et-loir, at the confluence of the drouette and the guesle, 17 m. n.e. of chartres by rail. pop. (1906) 2370. it belonged originally to the counts of montfort, who, in the 11th century, built a castle here of which the ruins are still left, and granted a charter to the town. in the 13th century it became an independent lordship, which remained attached to the crown of navarre till, in the 16th century, it was sold by king henry (afterwards king henry iv. of france) to jean louis de nogaret, for whom it was raised to the rank of a duchy in 1581. the new duke of epernon was one of the favourites of henry iii., who were called _les mignons_; the king showered favours upon him, giving him the posts of colonel-general in the infantry and of admiral of france. under the reign of henry iv. he made himself practically independent in his government of provence. he was instrumental in giving the regency to marie de' medici in 1610, and as a result exercised a considerable influence upon the government. during his governorship of guienne in 1622 he had some scandalous scenes with the parlement and the archbishop of bordeaux. he died in 1642. his eldest son, henri de nogaret de la valette, duke of candale, served under richelieu, in the armies of guienne, of picardy and of italy. the second son of jean louis de nogaret, bernard, who was born in 1592, and died in 1661, was, like his father, duke of epernon, colonel-general in the infantry and governor of guienne. after his death, the title of duke of epernon was borne by the families of goth and of pardaillan. ephebeum (from gr. [greek: ephebos], a young man), in architecture, a large hall in the ancient palaestra furnished with seats (vitruvius v. 11), the length of which should be a third larger than the width. it served for the exercises of youths of from sixteen to eighteen years of age. ephebi (gr. [greek: epi], and [greek: hebe], i.e. \"those who have reached puberty\"), a name specially given, in athens and other greek towns, to a class of young men from eighteen to twenty years of age, who formed a sort of college under state control. on the completion of his seventeenth year the athenian youth attained his civil majority, and, provided he belonged to the first three property classes and passed the scrutiny ([greek: dokimasia]) as to age, civic descent and physical capability, was enrolled on the register of his deme ([greek: lexiarchikon grammateion]). he thereby at once became liable to the military training and duties, which, at least in the earliest times, were the main object of the ephebia. in the time of aristotle the names of the enrolled ephebi were engraved on a bronze pillar (formerly on wooden tablets) in front of the council-chamber. after admission to the college, the ephebus took the oath of allegiance, recorded in pollux and stobaeus (but not in aristotle), in the temple of aglaurus, and was sent to munychia or acte to form one of the garrison. at the end of the first year of training, the ephebi were reviewed, and, if their performance was satisfactory, were provided by the state with a spear and a shield, which, together with the _chlamys_ (cloak) and _petasus_ (broad-brimmed hat), made up their equipment. in their second year they were transferred to other garrisons in attica, patrolled the frontiers, and on occasion took an active part in war. during these two years they were free from taxation, and were not allowed (except in certain cases) to appear in the law courts as plaintiffs or defendants. the ephebi took part in some of the most important athenian festivals. thus during the eleusinia they were told off to fetch the sacred objects from eleusis and to escort the image of iacchus on the sacred way. they also performed police duty at the meetings of the ecclesia. after the end of the 4th century b.c. the institution underwent a radical change. enrolment ceased to be obligatory, lasted only for a year, and the limit of age was dispensed with. inscriptions attest a continually decreasing number of ephebi, and with the admission of foreigners the college lost its representative national character. this was mainly due to the weakening of the military spirit and the progress of intellectual culture. the military element was no longer all-important, and the ephebia became a sort of university for well-to-do young men of good family, whose social position has been compared with that of the athenian \"knights\" of earlier times. the institution lasted till the end of the 3rd century a.d. it is probable that the ephebia was in existence in the 5th century",
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