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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:eifel:ca229e63c9ef",
    "title": "EIFEL",
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    "verified_text": "eifel, a district of germany, in the prussian rhine province, between the rhine, the moselle and the frontier of the grand duchy of luxemburg. it is a hilly region, most elevated in the eastern part (hohe eifel), where there are several points from 2000 up to 2410 ft. above sea-level. in the west is the schneifels or schnee-eifel; and the southern part, where the most picturesque scenery and chief geological interest is found, is called the vorder eifel. the eifel is an ancient massif of folded devonian rocks upon the margins of which, near hillesheim and towards bitburg and trier, rest unconformably the nearly undisturbed sandstones, marls and limestones of the trias. on the southern border, at wittlich, the terrestrial deposits of the permian rothliegende are also met with. the slates and sandstones of the lower devonian form by far the greater part of the region; but folded amongst these, in a series of troughs running from south-west to north-east lie the fossiliferous limestones of the middle devonian, and occasionally, as for example near budesheim, a few small patches of the upper devonian. upon the ancient floor of folded devonian strata stand numerous small volcanic cones, many of which, though long extinct, are still very perfect in form. the precise age of the eruptions is uncertain. the only sign of any remaining volcanic activity is the emission in many places of carbon dioxide and of heated waters. there is no historic or legendary record of any eruption, but nevertheless the eruptions must have continued to a very recent geological period. the lavas of papenkaule are clearly posterior to the excavation of the valley of the kyll, and an outflow of basalt has forced the uess to seek a new course. the volcanic rocks occur both as tuffs and as lava-flows. they are chiefly leucite and nepheline rocks, such as leucitite, leucitophyre and nephelinite, but basalt and trachyte also occur. the leucite lavas of niedermendig contain hauyne in abundance. the most extensive and continuous area of volcanic rocks is that surrounding the laacher see and extending eastwards to neuwied and coblenz and even beyond the rhine. the numerous so-called crater-lakes or _maare_ of the eifel present several features of interest. they do not, as a rule, lie in true craters at the summit of volcanic cones, but rather in hollows which have been formed by explosions. the most remarkable group is that of daun, where the three depressions of gemund, weinfeld and schalkenmehren have been hollowed out in the lower devonian strata. the first of these shows no sign of either lavas or scoriae, but volcanic rocks occur on the margins of the other two. the two largest lakes in the eifel region, however, are the laacher see in the hills west of andernach on the rhine, and the pulvermaar s.e. of the daun group, with its shores of peculiar volcanic sand, which also appears in its waters as a black powder (_pulver_). eiffel tower. erected for the exposition of 1889, the eiffel tower, in the champ de mars, paris, is by far the highest artificial structure in the world, and its height of 300 metres (984 ft.) surpasses that of the obelisk at washington by 429 ft., and that of st paul's cathedral by 580 ft. its framework is composed essentially of four uprights, which rise from the corners of a square measuring 100 metres on the side; thus the area it covers at its base is nearly 2-1/2 acres. these uprights are supported on huge piers of masonry and concrete, the foundations for which were carried down, by the aid of iron caissons and compressed air, to a depth of about 15 metres on the side next the seine, and about 9 metres on the other side. at first they curve upwards at an angle of 54 deg.; then they gradually become straighter, until they unite in a single shaft rather more than half-way up. the first platform, at a height of 57 metres, has an area of 5860 sq. yds., and is reached either by staircases or lifts. the next, accessible by lifts only, is 115 metres up, and has an area of 32 sq. yds; while the third, at 276, supports a pavilion capable of holding 800 persons. nearly 25 metres higher up still is the lantern, with a gallery 5 metres in diameter. the work of building this structure, which is mainly composed of iron lattice-work, was begun on the 28th of january 1887, and the full height was reached on the 13th of march 1889. besides being one of the sights of paris, to which visitors resort in order to enjoy the extensive view that can be had from its higher galleries on a clear day, the tower is used to some extent for scientific and semi-scientific purposes; thus meteorological observations are carried on. the engineer under whose direction the tower was constructed was alexandre gustave eiffel (born at dijon on the 15th of december 1832), who had already had a wide experience in the construction of large metal bridges, and who designed the huge sluices for the panama canal, when it was under the french company.",
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