DYCE

dyce, william (1806-1864), british painter, was born in aberdeen, where his father, a fellow of the royal society, was a physician of some repute. he attended marischal college, took the degree of m.a. at sixteen years of age, and was destined for one of the learned professions. showing a turn for design instead, he studied in the school of the royal scottish academy in edinburgh, then as a probationer (not a full student) in the royal academy of london, and thence, in 1825, he proceeded to rome, where he spent nine months. he returned to aberdeen in 1826, and painted several pictures; one of these, "bacchus nursed by the nymphs of nysa," was exhibited in 1827. in the autumn of that year he went back to italy, showing from the first a strong sympathy with the earlier masters of the florentine and allied schools. a "virgin and child" which he painted in rome in 1828 was much noticed by overbeck and other foreign artists. in 1829 dyce settled in edinburgh, taking at once a good rank in his profession, and showing considerable versatility in subject-matter. portrait-painting for some years occupied much of his time; and he was particularly prized for likenesses of ladies and children. in february 1837 he was appointed master of the school of design of the board of manufactures, edinburgh. in the same year he published a pamphlet on the management of schools of this description, which led to his transfer from edinburgh, after eighteen months' service there, to london, as superintendent and secretary of the then recently established school of design at somerset house. dyce was sent by the board of trade to the continent to examine the organization of foreign schools; and a report which he eventually printed, 1840, led to a remodelling of the london establishment. in 1842 he was made a member of the council and inspector of provincial schools, a post which he resigned in 1844. in this latter year, being appointed professor of fine art in king's college, london, he delivered a remarkable lecture, _the theory of the fine arts_. in 1835 he had been elected an associate of the royal scottish academy; this honour he relinquished upon settling in london, and he was then made an honorary r.s.a. in 1844 he became an associate, in 1848 a full member, of the london royal academy; he also was elected a member of the academy of arts in philadelphia. he was active in the deliberations of the royal academy, and it is said that his tongue was the dread of the urbane president, sir charles eastlake, for dyce was keen in speech as in visage; it was on his proposal that the class of retired academicians was established. in january 1850 dyce married jane, daughter of mr james brand, of bedford hill, surrey. he died at streatham on the 14th of february 1864, leaving two sons and two daughters. dyce was one of the most learned and accomplished of british painters--one of the highest in aim, and most consistently self-respecting in workmanship. his finest productions, the frescoes in the robing-room in the houses of parliament, did honour to the country and time which produced them. generally, however, there is in dyce's work more of earnestness, right conception, and grave, sensitive, but rather restricted powers of realization, than of authentic greatness. he has elevation, draughtsmanship, expression, and on occasion fine colour; along with all these, a certain leaning on precedent, and castigated semi-conventionalized type of form and treatment, which bespeak rather the scholarly than the originating mind in art. the following are among his principal or most interesting works (oil pictures, unless otherwise stated). 1829: "the daughters of jethro defended by moses"; "puck." 1830: "the golden age"; "the infant hercules strangling the serpents" (now in the national gallery, edinburgh); "christ crowned with thorns." 1835: "a dead christ" (large lunette altarpiece). 1836: "the descent of venus," from ben jonson's _triumph of love_; "the judgment of solomon," prize cartoon in tempera for tapestry (national gallery, edinburgh). 1837: "francesca da rimini" (national gallery, edinburgh). 1838, and again 1846: "the madonna and child." 1839: "dunstan separating edwy and elgiva." 1844: "joash shooting the arrow of deliverance" (the finest perhaps of the oil-paintings). 1850: "the meeting of jacob and rachel." 1851: "king lear and the fool in the storm." 1855: "christabel." 1857: "titian's first essay in colouring." 1859: "the good shepherd." 1860: "st john bringing home his adopted mother"; "pegwell bay" (a coast scene of remarkably minute detail, showing the painter's partial adhesion to the "pre-raphaelite" movement). 1861: "george herbert at bemerton." dyce executed some excellent cartoons for stained glass:--that for the choristers' window, ely cathedral, and that for a vast window at alnwick in memory of a duke of northumberland; the design of "paul rejected by the jews," now at south kensington, belongs to the latter. in fresco-painting his first work appears to have been the "consecration of archbishop parker," painted in lambeth palace. in one of the westminster hall competitions for the decoration of the houses of parliament, he displayed two heads from this composition; and it is related that the great german fresco-painter cornelius, who had come over to england to give advice, with a prospect of himself taking the chief direction of the pictorial scheme, told the prince consort frankly that the english ought not to be asking for him, when they had such a painter of their own as mr dyce. the cartoon by dyce of the "baptism of ethelbert" was approved and commissioned for the house of lords, and is the first of the works done there, 1846, in fresco. in 1848 he began his great frescoes in the robing-room--subjects from the legend of king arthur, exhibiting chivalric virtue. the whole room was to have been finished in eight years; but ill-health and other vexations trammelled the artist, and the series remains uncompleted. the largest picture figures "hospitality, the admission of sir tristram into the fellowship of the round table." then follow--"religion," the vision of sir galahad and his companions; "generosity," arthur unhorsed, and spared by the victor; "courtesy," sir tristram harping to la belle yseult; "mercy," sir gawaine's vow. the frescoes of sacred subjects in all saints' church, margaret street, london; of "comus," in the summer-house of buckingham palace; and of "neptune and britannia," at osborne house, are also by this painter. dyce was an elegant scholar in more ways than one. in 1828 he obtained the blackwell prize at aberdeen for an essay on animal magnetism. in 1843-1844 he published an edition of the book of common prayer, with a dissertation on gregorian music, and its adaptation to english words. he founded the motett society, for revival of ancient church-music, was a fine organist, and composed a "non nobis" which has appropriately been sung at royal academy banquets. his last considerable writing relating to his own art was published in 1853, _the national gallery: its formation and management_. see redgrave's _dictionary of artists_ (1878), and _dictionary of national biography_. (w. m. r.) dyeing (o. eng. _deagian_, _deah_; mid. eng. _deyen_), the art of colouring textile and other materials in such a manner that the colours will not be readily removed by those influences to which they are likely to be submitted--e.g. washing, rubbing, light, &c. the materials usually dyed are those made from the textile fibres, silk, wool, cotton, &c., and intended for clothing or decoration; but in addition to these may be mentioned straw, fur, leather, paper, &c. historical sketch. the art of dyeing dates from prehistoric times, and its practice probably began with the first dawn of civilization. although we cannot trace the successive stages of its development from the beginning, we may suppose they were somewhat similar to those witnessed among certain uncivilized tribes to-day--e.g. the maoris of new zealand. at first the dyes were probably mere fugitive stains obtained by means of the juices of fruits, and the decoctions of flowers, leaves, barks and roots; but in course of time methods were discovered, with the aid of certain kinds of earth and mud containing alumina or iron, whereby the stains could be rendered permanent, and then it was that the true art of dyeing began. there is no doubt that dyeing was, in the early period of its history, a home industry practised by the women of the household, along with the sister arts of spinning and weaving, for the purpose of embellishing the materials manufactured for clothing. historical evidence shows that already at a remote period a high state of civilization existed in persia, india, and china, and the belief is well founded that the arts of dyeing and printing have been practised in these countries during a long succession of ages. in early times the products and manufactures of india were highly prized throughout southern asia, and in due course they were introduced by arabian merchants to phoenicia and egypt, with which countries commercial intercourse, by way of the persian and arabian gulfs, seems to have existed from time immemorial. eventually the egyptians themselves began to practise the arts of dyeing and printing, utilizing no doubt both the knowledge and the materials derived from india. pliny the historian has left us a brief record of the methods employed in egypt during the first century, as well as of the tyrian purple dye celebrated already 1000