DU BELLAY

du bellay, joachim (c. 1522-1560), french poet and critic, member of the pleiade, was born[1] at the chateau of la turmeliere, not far from lire, near angers, being the son of jean du bellay, seigneur de gonnor, cousin-german of the cardinal jean du bellay and of guillaume du bellay. both his parents died while he was still a child, and he was left to the guardianship of his elder brother, rene du bellay, who neglected his education, leaving him to run wild at la turmeliere. when he was twenty-three, however, he received permission to go to poitiers to study law, no doubt with a view to his obtaining perferment through his kinsman the cardinal jean du bellay. at poitiers he came in contact with the humanist marc antoine muret, and with jean salmon macrin (1490-1557), a latin poet famous in his day. there too he probably met jacques peletier du mans, who had published a translation of the _ars poetica_ of horace, with a preface in which much of the programme advocated later by the pleiade is to be found in outline. it was probably in 1547 that du bellay met ronsard in an inn on the way to poitiers, an event which may justly be regarded as the starting-point of the french school of renaissance poetry. the two had much in common, and immediately became fast friends. du bellay returned with ronsard to paris to join the circle of students of the humanities attached to jean daurat (q.v.) at the college de coqueret. while ronsard and antoine de baif were most influenced by greek models, du bellay was more especially a latinist, and perhaps his preference for a language so nearly connected with his own had some part in determining the more national and familiar note of his poetry. in 1548 appeared the _art poetique_ of thomas sibilet, who enunciated many of the ideas that ronsard and his followers had at heart, though with essential differences in the point of view, since he held up as models clement marot and his disciples. ronsard and his friends dissented violently from sibilet on this and other points, and they doubtless felt a natural resentment at finding their ideas forestalled and, moreover, inadequately presented. the famous manifesto of the pleiade, the _deffence et illustration de la langue francoyse_ (1549), was at once a complement and a refutation of sibilet's treatise. this book was the expression of the literary principles of the pleiade as a whole, but although ronsard was the chosen leader, its redaction was entrusted to du bellay. to obtain a clear view of the reforms aimed at by the pleiade, the _deffence_ should be further considered in connexion with ronsard's _abrege d'art poetique_ and his preface to the _franciade_. du bellay maintained that the french language as it was then constituted was too poor to serve as a medium for the higher forms of poetry, but he contended that by proper cultivation it might be brought on a level with the classical tongues. he condemned those who despaired of their mother tongue, and used latin for their more serious and ambitious work. for translations from the ancients he would substitute imitations. not only were the forms of classical poetry to be imitated, but a separate poetic language and style, distinct from those employed in prose, were to be used. the french language was to be enriched by a development of its internal resources and by discreet borrowing from the latin and greek. both du bellay and ronsard laid stress on the necessity of prudence in these borrowings, and both repudiated the charge of wishing to latinize their mother tongue. the book was a spirited defence of poetry and of the possibilities of the french language; it was also a declaration of war on those writers who held less heroic views. the violent attacks made by du bellay on marot and his followers, and on sibilet, did not go unanswered. sibilet replied in the preface to his translation (1549) of the _iphigenia_ of euripides; guillaume des autels, a lyonnese poet, reproached du bellay with ingratitude to his predecessors, and showed the weakness of his argument for imitation as opposed to translation in a digression in his _replique aux furieuses defenses de louis meigret_ (lyons, 1550); barthelemy aneau, regent of the college de la trinite at lyons, attacked him in his _quintil horatian_ (lyons, 1551), the authorship of which was commonly attributed to charles fontaine. aneau pointed out the obvious inconsistency of inculcating imitation of the ancients and depreciating native poets in a work professing to be a defence of the french language. du bellay replied to his various assailants in a preface to the second edition (1550) of his sonnet sequence _olive_, with which he also published two polemical poems, the _musagnaeomachie_, and an ode addressed to ronsard, _contre les envieux poetes_. _olive_, a collection of love-sonnets written in close imitation of petrarch, first appeared in 1549. with it were printed thirteen odes entitled _vers lyriques_. olive has been supposed to be an anagram for the name of a mlle viole, but there is little evidence of real passion in the poems, and they may perhaps be regarded as a petrarcan exercise, especially as, in the second edition, the dedication to his lady is exchanged for one to marguerite de valois, sister of henry ii. du bellay did not actually introduce the sonnet into french poetry, but he acclimatized it; and when the fashion of sonneteering became a mania he was one of the first to ridicule its excesses. about this time du bellay had a serious illness of two years' duration, from which dates the beginning of his deafness. he had further anxieties in the guardianship of his nephew. the boy died in 1553, and joachim, who had up to this time borne the title of sieur de lire, became seigneur of gonnor. in 1549 he had published a _recueil de poesies_ dedicated to the princess marguerite. this was followed in 1552 by a version of the fourth book of the _aeneid_, with other translations and some occasional poems. in the next year he went to rome as one of the secretaries of cardinal du bellay. to the beginning of his four and a half years' residence in italy belong the forty-seven sonnets of his _antiquites de rome_, which were rendered into english by edmund spenser (_the ruins of rome_, 1591). these sonnets were more personal and less imitative than the _olive_ sequence, and struck a note which was revived in later french literature by volney and chateaubriand. his stay in rome was, however, a real exile. his duties were those of an intendant. he had to meet the cardinal's creditors and to find money for the expenses of the household. nevertheless he found many friends among italian scholars, and formed a close friendship with another exiled poet whose circumstances were similar to his own, olivier de magny. towards the end of his sojourn in rome he fell violently in love with a roman lady called faustine, who appears in his poetry as columba and columbelle. this passion finds its clearest expression in the latin poems. faustine was guarded by an old and jealous husband, and du bellay's eventual conquest may have had something to do with his departure for paris at the end of august 1557. in the next year he published the poems he had brought back with him from rome, the latin _poemata_, the _antiquites de rome_, the _jeux rustiques_, and the 191 sonnets of the _regrets_, the greater number of which were written in italy. the _regrets_ show that he had advanced far beyond the theories of the _deffence_. the simplicity and tenderness specially characteristic of du bellay appear in the sonnets telling of his unlucky passion for faustine, and of his nostalgia for the banks of the loire. among them are some satirical sonnets describing roman manners, and the later ones written after his return to paris are often appeals for patronage. his intimate relations with ronsard were not renewed; but he formed a close friendship with the scholar jean de morel, whose house was the centre of a learned society. in 1559 du bellay published at poitiers _la nouvelle maniere de faire son profit des lettres_, a satirical epistle translated from the latin of adrien turnebe, and with it _le poete courtisan_, which introduced the formal satire into french poetry. these were published under the pseudonym of j. quintil du troussay, and the courtier-poet was generally supposed to be melin de saint-gelais, with whom du bellay had always, however, been on friendly terms. a long and eloquent _discours au roi_ (detailing the duties of a prince, and translated from a latin original written by michel de l'hopital, now lost) was dedicated to francis ii. in 1559, and is said to have secured for the poet a tardy pension. in paris he was still in the employ of the cardinal, who delegated to him the lay patronage which he still retained in the diocese. in the exercise of these functions joachim quarrelled with eustache du bellay, bishop of paris, who prejudiced his relations with the cardinal, less cordial since the publication of the outspoken _regrets_. his chief patron, marguerite de valois, to whom he was sincerely attached, had gone to savoy. du bellay's health was weak; his deafness seriously hindered his official duties; and on the 1st of january 1560 he died. there is no evidence that he was in priest's orders, but he was a clerk, and as such held various preferments. he had at one time been a canon of notre dame of paris, and was accordingly buried in the cathedral. the statement that he was nominated archbishop of bordeaux during the last year of life is unauthenticated by documentary evidence and is in itself extremely improbable. bibliography.--the best edition of the works of j. du bellay is _oeuvres francaises_ (2 vols., 1866-1867), edited with introduction and notes by c. marty-laveaux in his _pleiade francaise_. his _oeuvres choisies_ were published by l. becq de fouquieres in 1876. the chief source of his biography is his own poetry, especially the latin elegy addressed to jean de morel, "_elegia ad janum morellum ebredunensem, pyladem suum_," printed with a volume of _xenia_ (paris, 1569). a study of his life and writings by h. chamard, forming vol. viii. of the _travaux et memoires de l'universite de lille_ (lille, 1900), contains all the available information and corrects many common errors. see also sainte-beuve, _tableau de la poesie francaise au xvi^e siecle_ (1828); _la defense et illust. de la langue francaise_ (1905), with biographical and critical introduction by leon seche, who also wrote _joachim du bellay, documents nouveaux et inedits_ (1880), and published in 1903 the first volume of a new edition of the _oeuvres; lettres de joachim du bellay_ (1884), edited by p. de nolhac; g. wyndham, _ronsard and la pleiade_ (1906); h. belloc, _avril_ (1905); a. tilley, _the literature of the french renaissance_ (2 vols., 1904). footnote: [1] for the date of his birth, commonly given as 1525, see h. chamard, _joachim du bellay_ (lille, 1900).