DRUMMOND

drummond, william (1585-1649), called "of hawthornden," scottish poet, was born at hawthornden, near edinburgh, on the 13th of december 1585. his father, john drummond, was the first laird of hawthornden; and his mother was susannah fowler, sister of william fowler (q.v.), poet and courtier. drummond received his early education at the high school of edinburgh, and graduated in july 1605 as m.a. of the recently founded university of edinburgh. his father was a gentleman usher at the english court (as he had been at the scottish court from 1590) and william, in a visit to london in 1606, describes the festivities in connexion with the visit of the king of denmark. drummond spent two years at bourges and paris in the study of law; and, in 1609, he was again in scotland, where, by the death of his father in the following year, he became laird of hawthornden at the early age of twenty-four. the list of books he read up to this time is preserved in his own handwriting. it indicates a strong preference for imaginative literature, and shows that he was keenly interested in contemporary verse. his collection (now in the library of the university of edinburgh) contains many first editions of the most famous productions of the age. on finding himself his own master, drummond naturally abandoned law for the muses; "for," says his biographer in 1711, "the delicacy of his wit always run on the pleasantness and usefulness of history, and on the fame and softness of poetry." in 1612 began his correspondence with sir william alexander of menstrie, afterwards earl of stirling (q.v.), which ripened into a life-long friendship after drummond's visit to menstrie in 1614. drummond's first publication appeared in 1613, an elegy on the death of henry, prince of wales, called _teares on the death of meliades_ (_moeliades_, 3rd edit. 1614). the poem shows the influence of spenser's and sidney's pastoralism. in the same year he published an anthology of the elegies of chapman, wither and others, entitled _mausoleum_, or _the choisest flowres of the epitaphs_. in 1616, the year of shakespeare's death, appeared _poems: amorous, funerall, divine, pastorall: in sonnets, songs, sextains, madrigals_, being substantially the story of his love for mary cunningham of barns, who was about to become his wife when she died in 1615. the poems bear marks of a close study of sidney, and of the italian poets. he sometimes translates direct from the italian, especially from marini. _forth feasting: a panegyricke to the king's most excellent majestie_ (1617), a poem written in heroic couplets of remarkable facility, celebrates james's visit to scotland in that year. in 1618 drummond began a correspondence with michael drayton. the two poets continued to write at intervals for thirteen years, the last letter being dated in the year of drayton's death. the latter had almost been persuaded by his "dear drummond" to print the later books of _poly-olbion_ at hart's edinburgh press. in the winter of 1618-1619, drummond had included ben jonson in his circle of literary friends, and at christmas 1618 was honoured with a visit of a fortnight or more from the dramatist. the account of their conversations, long supposed to be lost, was discovered in the advocates' library, edinburgh, by david laing, and was edited for the shakespeare society in 1842 and printed by gifford & cunningham. the conversations are full of literary gossip, and embody ben's opinion of himself and of his host, whom he frankly told that "his verses were too much of the schooles, and were not after the fancie of the time," and again that he "was too good and simple, and that oft a man's modestie made a fool of his witt." but the publication of what was obviously intended merely for a private journal has given jonson an undeserved reputation for harsh judgments, and has cast blame on drummond for blackening his guest's memory. in 1623 appeared the poet's fourth publication, entitled _flowers of sion: by william drummond of hawthornedenne: to which is adjoyned his cypresse grove_. from 1625 till 1630 drummond was probably for the most part engaged in travelling on the continent. in 1627, however, he seems to have been home for a short time, as, in that year, he appears in the entirely new character of the holder of a patent for the construction of military machines, entitled "litera magistri gulielmi drummond de fabrica machinarum militarium, anno 1627." the same year, 1627, is the date of drummond's munificent gift (referred to above) of about 500 volumes to the library of the university of edinburgh. in 1630 drummond again began to reside permanently at hawthornden, and in 1632 he married elizabeth logan, by whom he had five sons and four daughters. in 1633 charles made his coronation-visit to scotland; and drummond's pen was employed in writing congratulatory speeches and verses. as drummond preferred episcopacy to presbytery, and was an extremely loyal subject, he supported charles's general policy, though he protested against the methods employed to enforce it. when lord balmerino was put on his trial on the capital charge of retaining in his possession a petition regarded as a libel on the king's government, drummond in an energetic "letter" (1635) urged the injustice and folly of the proceedings. about this time a claim by the earl of menteith to the earldom of strathearn, which was based on the assertion that robert