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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:down:f0cddb723ec1",
    "title": "DOWN",
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    "verified_text": "down, a smooth rounded hill, or more particularly an expanse of high rolling ground bare of trees. the word comes from the old english _dun_, hill. this is usually taken to be a celtic word. the gaelic and irish _dun_ and welsh _din_ are specifically used of a hill-fortress, and thus frequently appear in place-names, e.g. dumbarton, dunkeld, and in the latinized termination--_dunum_, e.g. lugdunum, lyons. the old dutch _duna_, which is the same word, was applied to the drifted sandhills which are a prevailing feature of the south-eastern coast of the north sea (denmark and the low countries), and the derivatives, ger. _dune_, modern dutch _duin_, fr. _dune_, have this particular meaning. the english \"dune\" is directly taken from the french. the low sandy tracts north and south of yarmouth, norfolk, are known as the \"dunes,\" which may be a corruption of the dutch or french words. from \"down,\" hill, comes the adverb \"down,\" from above, in the earlier form \"adown,\" i.e. off the hill. the word for the soft under plumage of birds is entirely different, and comes from the old norwegian _dun_, cf. _ædar-dun_, eider-down. for the system of chalk hills in england known as \"the downs\" see downs. downes [d(o)unaeus], andrew (c. 1549-1628), english classical scholar, was born in the county of shropshire. he was educated at shrewsbury and st john's college, cambridge, where he did much to revive the study of greek, at that time at a very low ebb. in 1571 he was elected fellow of his college, and, in 1585, he was appointed to the regius professorship of greek, which he held for nearly forty years. he died at coton, near cambridge, on the 2nd of february 1627/1628. according to simonds d'ewes (_autobiography_, ed. j. o. halliwell, i. pp. 139, 141), who attended his lectures on demosthenes and gives a slight sketch of his personality, downes was accounted \"the ablest grecian of christendom.\" he published little, but seems to have devoted his chief attention to the greek orators. he edited lysias _pro caede eratosthenis_ (1593); _praelectiones in philippicam de pace demosthenis_ (1621), dedicated to king james i.; some letters (written in greek) to isaac casaubon, printed in the _epistolae_ of the latter; and notes to st chrysostom, in sir henry savile's edition. downes was also one of the seven translators of the _apocrypha_ for the \"authorized\" version of the bible, and one of the six learned men appointed to revise the new version after its completion.",
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