DOUGLASS

douglass, frederick (1817-1895), american orator and journalist, was born in tuckahoe, talbot county, maryland, probably in february 1817. his mother was a negro slave of exceptional intelligence, and his father was a white man. until nearly eight years of age, he was under the care of his grandmother; then he lived for a year on the plantation of colonel edward lloyd, of whose vast estate his master, captain aaron anthony, was manager. after a year he was sent to baltimore, where he lived in the family of hugh auld, whose brother, thomas, had married the daughter of captain anthony; mrs auld treated him with marked kindness and without her husband's knowledge began teaching him to read. with money secretly earned by blacking boots he purchased his first book, the _columbian orator_; he soon learned to write "free passes" for runaway slaves. upon the death of captain anthony in 1833, he was sent back to the plantation to serve thomas auld, who hired him out for a year to one edward covey, who had a wide reputation for disciplining slaves, but who did not break frederick's spirit. although a new master, william freeland, who owned a large plantation near st michael's, md., treated him with much kindness, he attempted to escape in 1836, but his plans were suspected, and he was put in jail. from lack of evidence he was soon released, and was then sent to hugh auld in baltimore, where he was apprenticed as a ship caulker. he learned his trade in one year, and in september 1838, masquerading as a sailor, he escaped by railway train from baltimore to new york city. for the sake of greater safety he soon removed to new bedford, massachusetts, where he changed his name from frederick augustus washington bailey to frederick douglass, "douglass" being adopted at the suggestion of a friend who greatly admired scott's _lady of the lake_. for three years he worked as a day labourer in new bedford. an extempore speech made by him before an anti-slavery meeting at nantucket, mass., in august 1841 led to his being appointed one of the agents of the massachusetts anti-slavery society, and in this capacity he delivered during the next four years numerous addresses against slavery, chiefly in the new england and middle states. to quiet the suspicion that he was an impostor, in 1845 he published the _narrative of the life of frederick douglass, an american slave_. fearing his recapture, his friends persuaded him to go to england, and from august 1845 to april 1847 he lectured in ireland, scotland and england, and did much to enlist the sympathy of the british public with the abolitionists in america. before his return a sum of £150 was raised by subscription to secure his legal manumission, thus relieving him from the fear of being returned to slavery in pursuance of the fugitive slave law. from 1847 to 1860 he conducted an anti-slavery weekly journal, known as _the north star_, and later as _frederick douglass's paper_, at rochester, new york, and, during this time, also was a frequent speaker at anti-slavery meetings. at first a follower of garrison and a disunionist, he allied himself after 1851 with the more conservative political abolitionists, who, under the leadership of james g. birney, adhered to the national constitution and endeavoured to make slavery a dominant political issue. he disapproved of john brown's attack upon harper's ferry in 1859, and declined to take any part in it. during the civil war he was among the first to suggest the employment of negro troops by the united states government, and two of his sons served in the union army. after the war he was for several years a popular public lecturer; in september 1866 he was a delegate to the national loyalist convention at philadelphia; and in 1869 he became the editor, at washington, of a short-lived weekly paper, _the new national era_, devoted to the interests of the negro race. in 1871 he was assistant secretary of the santo domingo commission, appointed by president grant. he was marshal of the district of columbia from 1877 to 1881, was recorder of deeds for the district from 1881 to 1886, and from 1889 to 1891 was the american minister resident and consul-general in the republic of haiti. he died in anacostia heights, district of columbia, on the 20th of february 1895. he was widely known for his eloquence, and was one of the most effective orators whom the negro race has produced in america. his autobiography appeared, after two revisions, as _the life and times of frederick douglass_ (london, 1882). see f. m. holland, _frederick douglass, the colored orator_ (new york, 1891); c. w. chesnutt, _frederick douglass_, (boston, 1899); and booker t. washington, _frederick douglass_ (philadelphia, 1907), in the series of american crisis biographies.