DIANA MONKEY

diana monkey, a west african representative of the guenon monkeys taking its name, _cercopithecus diana_, from the presence of a white crescent on the forehead; another characteristic feature being the pointed white beard. the general colour of the fur is greyish, with a deep tinge of chestnut from the middle of the back to the root of the tail. together with _c. neglectus_ of east and central africa, _c. ignitus_ of liberia, and _c. roloway_ of the gold coast, the diana represents the special subgenus of guenons known as _pogonocebus_. although the diana monkey is commonly seen in menageries, little is known of its habits in the wild state. diane de france (1538-1619), duchess of montmorency and angouleme, was the natural daughter of henry ii. of france and a young piedmontese, filippe duc. the constable de montmorency went so far as to assert that of all the children of henry ii. diane was the only one who resembled him. catherine de' medici was greatly incensed at this affront, and took her revenge by having the constable disgraced on the death of henry ii. brantome is loud in praise of diane. she was a perfect horsewoman and dancer, played several musical instruments, knew spanish and italian, and "estoit tres belle de visage et de taille." legitimated in 1547, she was married in 1553 to horace farnese, second son of the duke of parma, but her husband was killed soon afterwards at the siege of hesdin. in order to assure his position, the constable de montmorency wished to marry her to his eldest son, francis. this was a romantic adventure, for francis had clandestinely married mademoiselle de piennes. the constable dissolved this union, and after lengthy negotiations obtained the dispensation of the pope. on the 3rd of may 1559 francis married diane. a wise and moderate woman, diane undoubtedly helped to make francis de montmorency one of the leaders of the party of the _politiques_. again a widow in 1579, she had some influence at the court of henry iii., and negotiated his reconciliation with henry of navarre (1588). she retained her influence in the reign of henry iv., conveyed the bodies of catherine de' medici and henry iii. to st denis, and died in 1619 at her hotel of angouleme. see brantome, ed. by lalanne, in the _coll de la societe d'histoire de france_, vol. viii. (1875); j. de thou, _historia sui temporis..._ (1733); matthieu de morgues, _oraison funebre de diane de france_ (paris, 1619). diane de poitiers (1499-1566), duchess of valentinois, and mistress of henry ii. of france, was the daughter of jean de poitiers, seigneur de st vallier, who came of an old family of dauphine. in 1515 she married louis de breze, grand seneschal of normandy, by whom she had two daughters. she became a widow in 1533, but soon replaced her husband by a more illustrious lover, the king's second son, henry, who became dauphin in 1536. although he was ten years younger than diane, she inspired the young prince with a profound passion, which lasted until his death. the accession of henry ii. in 1547 was also the accession of diane: she was virtual queen, while henry's lawful wife, catherine de' medici, lived in comparative obscurity. the part diane played, however, must not be exaggerated. more rapacious than ambitious, she concerned herself little with government, but devoted her energies chiefly to augmenting her income, and providing for her family and friends. henry was the most prodigal of lovers, and gave her all rights over the duchy of valentinois. although she showed great tact in her dealings with the queen, catherine drove her from the court after henry's death, and forced her to restore the crown jewels and to accept chaumont in exchange for chenonceaux. diane retired to her chateau at anet, where she died in 1566. several historians relate that she had been the mistress of francis i. before she became the dauphin's mistress, and that she gave herself to the king in order to obtain the pardon of her father, who had been condemned to death as an accomplice of the constable de bourbon. this rumour, however, has no serious foundation. men vied with each other in celebrating diane's beauty, which, if we may judge from her portraits, has been slightly exaggerated. she was a healthy, vigorous woman, and, by dint of great pains, succeeded in retaining her beauty late into life. it is said that even on the coldest mornings she would wash her face with well water. diane was a patroness of the arts. she entrusted to philibert de l'orme the building of her chateau at anet, and it was for her that jean goujon executed his masterpiece, the statue of diana, now in the louvre. see g. guiffrey, _lettres inedites de diane de poytiers_ (paris, 1866) and _proces criminel de jehan de poytiers_ (paris, 1867); capefigue, _diane de poitiers_ (paris, 1860); hay, _madame dianne de poytiers_ (london, 1900). diapason (gr. [greek: dia pason], through all), a term in music, originally for an interval of an octave. the greek is an abbreviation of [greek: he dia pason chordon symphonia], a consonance through all the tones of the scale. in this sense it is only used now, loosely, for the compass of an instrument or voice, or for a harmonious melody. the name is given to the two foundation stops of an organ, the open and the stopped diapason (see organ), and to a standard of musical pitch, as in the french _diapason normal_ (see pitch, musical). diaper (derived through the fr, from the gr. [greek: dia], through, and [greek: aspros], white; the derivation from the town of ypres, "d'ypres," in belgium is unhistorical, as diapers were known for centuries before its existence), the name given to a textile fabric, formerly of a rich and costly nature with embroidered ornament, but now of linen or cotton, with a simple woven pattern; and particularly restricted to small napkins. in architecture, the term "diaper" is given to any small pattern of a conventional nature repeated continuously and uniformly over a surface; the designs may be purely geometrical, or based on floral forms, and in early examples were regulated by the process of their textile origin. subsequently, similar patterns were employed in the middle ages for the surface decoration of stone, as in westminster abbey and bayeux cathedral in the spandrils of the arcades of the choir and nave; also in mural painting, stained glass, incised brasses, encaustic tiles, &c. probably in most cases the pattern was copied, so far as the general design is concerned, from the tissues and stuffs of byzantine manufacture, which came over to europe and were highly prized as ecclesiastical vestments. [illustration: a b c] in its textile use, the term diaper was originally applied to silk patterns of a geometrical pattern; it is now almost exclusively used for diamond patterns made from linen or cotton yarns. an illustration of two patterns of this nature is shown in the figure. the floats of the warp and the weft are mostly in three; indeed the patterns are made from a base weave which is composed entirely of floats of this number. it will be seen that both designs are formed of what may be termed concentric figures--alternately black and white. pattern b differs from pattern a only in that more of these concentric figures are used for the complete figure. if pattern b, which shows only one unit, were extended, the effect would be similar to a, except for the size of the unit. in a there are four complete units, and hence the pattern appears more striking. again, the repeating of b would cause the four corner pieces to join and to form a diamond similar to the one in the centre. the two diamonds in b would then alternate diagonally to left and right. special names are given to certain kinds of diapers, e.g. "bird's-eye," "pheasant's-eye"; these terms indicate, to a certain extent, the size of the complete diamond in the cloth--the smaller kind taking the name "bird's-eye." the size of the pattern on paper has little connexion with the size of the pattern in the cloth, for it is clearly the number of threads and picks per inch which determine the size of the pattern in the cloth from any given design. although a is larger than what is usually termed the "bird's-eye" pattern, it is evident that it may be made to appear as such, provided that the cloth is fine enough. these designs, although adapted mostly for cloths such as nursery-diapers, for pinafores, &c., are sometimes used in the production of towels and table-cloths. in the figure, the first pick in a is identical with the first pick in b, and the part c shows how each interweaves with the twenty-four threads. diaphoretics (from gr. [greek: diaphorein], to carry through), the name given to those remedies which promote perspiration. in health there is constantly taking place an exhalation of watery vapour from the skin, by which not only are many of the effete products of nutrition eliminated, but the body is kept cool. under exertion or in a heated atmosphere this natural function of the skin is increased, sweating more or less profuse follows, and, evaporation going on rapidly over the whole surface, little or no rise in the temperature of the body takes place. in many forms of disease, such as fevers and inflammatory affections, the action of the skin is arrested, and the surface of the body feels harsh and dry, while the temperature is greatly elevated. the occurrence of perspiration not unfrequently marks a crisis in such diseases, and is in general regarded as a favourable event. in some chronic diseases, such as diabetes and some cases of bright's disease, the absence of perspiration is a marked feature; while, on the other hand, in many wasting diseases, such as phthisis, the action of the skin is increased, and copious exhausting sweating occurs. many means can be used to induce perspiration, among the best known being baths, either in the form of hot vapour or hot water baths, or in that part of the process of the turkish bath which consists in exposing the body to a dry and hot atmosphere. such measures, particularly if followed by the drinking of hot liquids and the wrapping of the body in warm clothing, seldom fail to excite copious perspiration. numerous medicinal substances have the same effect. diaphragm (gr. [greek: diaphragma], a partition). the diaphragm or midriff (anglo-saxon, _mid_, middle, _hrif_, belly) in human anatomy is a large fibro-muscular partition between the cavities of the thorax and abdomen; it is convex toward the thorax, concave toward the abdomen, and consists of a central tendon and a muscular margin. the _central tendon_ (q, fig. 1) is trefoil in shape, its leaflets being right, left and anterior; of these the right is the largest and the left the smallest. the fleshy fibres rise, in front from the back of the xiphoid cartilage of the sternum (d), laterally by six serrations, from the inner surfaces of the lower six ribs, interdigitating with the transversalis, posteriorly from the arcuate ligaments, of which there are five, a pair of external, a pair of internal, and a single median one. the _external arcuate ligament_ (h) stretches from the tip of the twelfth rib (b) to the costal process of the first lumbar vertebra in front of the quadratus lumborum muscle (o), the _internal_ and _middle_ are continuations of the _crura_ which rise from the ventro-lateral aspects of the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae, the right (e) coming from three, the left (f) from two. on reaching the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebra each crus spreads out into a fan-shaped mass of fibres, of which the innermost join their fellows from the opposite crus, in front of the aortic opening (k), to form the _middle arcuate ligament_; the outer ones (g) arch in front of the psoas muscle (n) to the tip of the costal process of the first lumbar vertebra to form the _internal arcuate ligament_, while the intermediate ones pass to the central tendon. there are three large openings in the diaphragm; the _aortic_ (k) is behind the middle arcuate ligament and transmits the aorta, the vena azygos major, and the thoracic duct. in the right leaflet is an opening (sometimes called the _hiatus quadratus_) for the inferior vena cava and a branch of the right phrenic nerve (m), while in front and a little to the left of the aortic opening is one for the oesophagus and the two pneumogastric nerves (l), the left being in front and the right behind. the fleshy fibres on each side of this opening act as a sphincter. passing between the xiphoid and costal origins in front are the superior epigastric arteries, while the other terminal branches of the internal mammaries, the musculo-phrenics, pass through between two costal origins. [illustration: fig. 1.--abdominal surface of the diaphragm.] through the crura pass the splanchnic nerves, and in addition to these the left crus is pierced by the vena azygos minor. the sympathetic nerves usually enter the abdomen behind the internal arcuate ligaments. the phrenic nerves, which are the main supply of the diaphragm, divide before reaching the muscle and pierce it in a number of places to enter its abdominal surface, but some of the lower intercostal nerves assist in the supply. the last thoracic or subcostal nerves pass behind the external arcuate ligament. for the action of the diaphragm see respiratory system. _embryology._--the diaphragm is at first developed in the neck region of the embryo, and this accounts for the phrenic nerves, which supply it, rising from the fourth and fifth cervical. from the mesoderm on the caudal side of the pericardium is developed the _septum transversum_, and in this the central tendon is formed. the fleshy portion is developed on each side in two parts, an anterior or sterno-costal which is derived from the longitudinal neck musculature, probably the same layer from which the sternothyroid comes, and a spinal part which is a derivative of the transversalis sheet of the trunk. between these two parts is at one time a gap, the _spino-costal hiatus_, and this is obliterated by the growth of the pleuro-peritoneal membrane, which may occasionally fail to close and so may form the site of a phrenic hernia. with the growth of the body and the development of the lungs the diaphragm shifts its position until it becomes the septum between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. (see a. keith, "on the development of the diaphragm," _jour. of anat. and phys._ vol. 39.) a. paterson has recorded cases in which the left half of the diaphragm is wanting (_proceedings_ of the anatomical society of gt. britain, june 1900; _jour. of anat. and phys._ vol. 34), and occasionally deficiencies are found elsewhere, especially in the sternal portion. for further details see quain's _anatomy_, vol. i. (london, 1908). _comparative anatomy._--a complete diaphragm, separating the thoracic from the abdominal parts of the coelom, is characteristic of the mammalia; it usually has the human structure and relations except that below the anthropoids it is separated from the pericardium by the azygous lobe of the lung. in some mammals, e.g. echidna and phocoena, it is entirely muscular. in the cetacea it is remarkable for its obliquity; its vertebral attachment is much nearer the tail than its sternal or ventral one; this allows a much larger lung space in the dorsal than in the ventral part of the thorax, and may be concerned with the equipoise of the animal. (otto muller, "untersuchungen uber die veranderung, welche die respirationsorgane der saugetiere durch die anpassung an das leben im wasser erlitten haben," _jen. zeitschr. f. naturwiss._, 1898, p. 93.) in the ungulata only one crus is found (windle and parsons, "muscles of the ungulata," _proc. zool. soc._, 1903, p. 287). below the mammals incomplete partitions between the pleural and peritoneal cavities are found in chelonians, crocodiles and birds, and also in amphibians (xenopus and pipa). (f. g. p.) diarbekr[1] (_kara amid_ or black amid; the roman _amida_), the chief town of a vilayet of asiatic turkey, situated on a basaltic plateau on the right bank of the tigris, which here flows in a deep open valley. the town is still surrounded by the masonry walls of black basalt which give it the name of _kara_ or black amid; they are well built and imposing on the west facing the open country, but almost in ruins where they overlook the river. a mass of gardens and orchards cover the slope down to the river on the s.w., but there are no suburbs outside the walls. the houses are rather crowded but only partially fill the walled area. the population numbers 38,000, nearly half being christian, comprising turks, kurds, arabs, turkomans, armenians, chaldeans, jacobites and a few greeks. the streets are 10 ft. to 15 ft. wide, badly paved and dirty; the houses and shops are low, mostly of stone, and some of stone and mud. the bazaar is a good one, and gold and silver filigree work is made, peculiar in character and design. the cotton industry is declining, but manufacture of silk is increasing. fruit is good and abundant as the rich volcanic soil is well watered from the town springs. the size of the melons is specially famous. to the south, the walls are some 40 ft. high, faced with large cut stone blocks of very solid construction, with towers and square bastions rising to 500 ft. there are four gates: on the north the kharput gate, on the west the rum, on the south the mardin, and on the east the yeni kapu or new gate. a citadel enclosure stands at the n. e. corner and is now partly in ruins, but the interior space is occupied by the government konak. the summer climate in the confined space within the town is excessively hot and unhealthy. epidemics of typhus are not unknown, as well as ophthalmia. the diarbekr boil is like the "aleppo button," lasting a long time and leaving a deep scar. winters are frequently severe but do not last long. snow sometimes lies, and ice is stored for summer use. scorpions noted for the virulence of their poison abound as well as horse leeches in the tanks. the town is supplied with water both by springs inside the town and by aqueducts from fountains at ali punar and hamervat. the principal exports are wool, mohair and copper ore, and imports are cotton and woollen goods, indigo, coffee, sugar, petroleum, &c. the great mosque, ulu jami, formerly a christian church, occupies the site of a sassanian palace and was built with materials from an older palace, probably that of tigranes ii. the remains consist of the facades of two palaces 400 ft. apart, each formed by a row of corinthian columns surmounted by an equal number of a byzantine type. kufic inscriptions run across the fronts under the entablature. the court of the mosque is entered by a gateway on which lions and other animals are sculptured. the churches of greatest interest are those of ss. cosmas and damian (jacobite) and the church of st james (greek). in the 19th century diarbekr was one of the largest and most flourishing cities of asia, and as a commercial centre it now stands at the meeting-point of several important routes. it is at the head of the navigation of the tigris, which is traversed down stream by _keleks_ or rafts supported by inflated skins. there is a good road to aleppo and alexandretta on the mediterranean, and to samsun on the black sea by kharput, malatia and sivas. there are also routes to mosul and bitlis. diarbekr became a roman colony in a.d. 230 under the name of amida, and received a christian bishop in a.d. 325. it was enlarged and strengthened by constantius ii., in whose reign it was taken after a long siege by shapur (sapor) ii., king of persia. the historian ammianus marcellinus, who took part in the defence, gives a detailed account of it. in the later wars between the persians and romans it more than once changed hands. though ceded by jovian to the persians it again became annexed to the roman empire, and in the reign of anastasius (a.d. 502) was once more taken by the persians, when 80,000 of its inhabitants were slain. it was taken c. 638 by the arabs, and afterwards passed into the hands of the seljuks and persians, from whom it was finally captured by selim i. in 1515; and since that date it has remained under ottoman rule. about 2 m. below the town is a masonry bridge over the tigris; the older portion being probably roman, and the western part, which bears a kufic inscription, being arab. the vilayet of diarbekr extends south from palu on the euphrates to mardin and nisibin on the edge of the mesopotamian plain, and is divided into three sanjaks--arghana, diarbekr and mardin. the headwaters of the main arm of the tigris have their source in the vilayet. cereals, cotton, tobacco, rice and silk are produced, but most of the fertile lands have been abandoned to semi-nomads, who raise large quantities of live stock. the richest portion of the vilayet lies east of the capital in the rolling plains watered by tributaries of the tigris. an exceptionally rich copper mine exists at arghana maden, but it is very imperfectly worked; galena mineral oil and silicious sand are also found. (c. w. w.; f. r. m.) footnote: [1] from _diar_, land, and bekr (i.e. abu bekr, the caliph). diarrhoea (from gr. [greek: dia], through, [greek: rheo], flow), an excessive looseness of the bowels, a symptom of irritation which may be due to various causes, or may be associated with some specific disease. the treatment in such latter cases necessarily varies, since the symptom itself may be remedial, but in ordinary cases depends on the removal of the cause of irritation by the use of aperients, various sedatives being also prescribed. in chronic diarrhoea careful attention to the diet is necessary.