DEATH-WARNING

death-warning, a term used in psychical research for an intimation of the death of another person received by other than the ordinary sensory channels, i.e. by (1) a sensory hallucination or (2) a massive sensation, both being of telepathic origin. (see telepathy.) both among civilized and uncivilized peoples there is a widespread belief that the apparition of a living person is an omen of death; but until the society of psychical research undertook the statistical examination of the question, there were no data for estimating the value of the belief. in 1885 a collection of spontaneous cases and a discussion of the evidence was published under the title _phantasms of the living_, and though the standard of evidence was lower than at the present time, a substantial body of testimony, including many striking cases, was there put forward. in 1889 a further inquiry was undertaken, known as the "census of hallucinations," which provided information as to the percentage of individuals in the general population who, at some period of their lives, while they were in a normal state of health, had had "a vivid impression of seeing or being touched by a living being or inanimate object, or of hearing a voice; which impression, so far as they could discover, was not due to any external cause." to the census question about 17,000 answers were received, and after making all deductions it appeared that death coincidences numbered about 30 in 1300 cases of recognized apparitions; or about 1 in 43, whereas if chance alone operated the coincidences would have been in the proportion of 1 to 19,000. as a result of the inquiry the committee held it to be proved that "between deaths and apparitions of the dying person a connexion exists which is not due to chance alone." from an evidential point of view the apparition is the most valuable class of death-warning, inasmuch as recognition is more difficult in the case of an auditory hallucination, even where it takes the form of spoken words; moreover, auditory hallucinations coinciding with deaths may be mere knocks, ringing of bells, &c.; tactile hallucinations are still more difficult of recognition; and the hallucinations of smell which are sometimes found as death-warnings rarely have anything to associate them specially with the dead person. occasionally the death-warning is in the form of an apparition of some other person; it may also take the form of a temporary feeling of intense depression or other massive sensation. bibliography.--podmore, gurney and myers, _phantasms of the living_ (1885); for the census report see _proceedings of the society for psychical research_, part xxvi.; see also f. podmore, _apparitions and thought transference_. for a criticism of the results of the census see e. parish, _hallucinations and illusions_ and _zur kritik des telepathischen beweismaterials_, and mrs sidgwick's refutation in _proc. s.p.r._ part xxxiii. 589-601. the _journal of the s.p.r._ contains the most striking spontaneous cases received from time to time by the society. (n. w. t.)