DAMASUS II.

damasus ii., pope from the 17th of july to the 9th of august 1048, was the ephemeral successor of clement ii. his original name was poppo, and he was bishop of brixen when the emperor henry iii. raised him to the papacy. (l. d.*) damaun or daman, a town of portuguese india, capital of the settlement of damaun, situated on the east side of the entrance of the gulf of cambay within the bombay presidency. the area of the settlement is 82 sq. m. pop. (1900) 41,671. the settlement is divided into two parts, damaun proper, and the larger _pargana_ of nagar havili, the two being separated by a narrow strip of british territory. the soil is fertile, and rice, wheat and tobacco are the chief crops. the teak forests are valuable. weaving is an industry less important than formerly; mats and baskets are manufactured, and deep-sea fishing is an important industry. the shipbuilding business at the town of damaun is important. early in the 19th century a large transit trade in opium between karachi and china was carried on at damaun, but it ceased in 1837, when the british prohibited it after their conquest of sind. the settlement is administered as a unit, and has a municipal chamber. damaun town was sacked and burnt by the portuguese in 1531. it was subsequently rebuilt, and in 1558 was again taken by the portuguese, who made a permanent settlement and converted the mosque into a christian church. from that time it has remained in their hands. the territory of damaun proper was conquered by the portuguese in 1559; that of nagar havili was ceded to them by the mahrattas in 1780 in indemnification for piracy. dame (through the fr. from lat. _domina_, mistress, lady, the feminine of _dominus_, master, lord), properly a name of respect or a title equivalent to "lady," now surviving in english as the legal designation of the wife or widow of a baronet or knight and prefixed to the christian name and surname. it has also been used in modern times by certain societies or orders, e.g. the primrose league, as the name of a certain rank among the lady members, answering to the male rank of knight. the ordinary use of the word by itself is for an old woman. as meaning "mistress," i.e. teacher, "dame" was used of the female keepers of schools for young children, which have become obsolete since the advance of public elementary education. at eton college boarding-houses kept by persons other than members of the teaching staff of the school were known as "dames' houses," though the head might not necessarily be a lady. as a term of address to ladies of all ranks, from the sovereign down, "madam," shortened to "ma'am," represents the french _madame_, my lady. "damsel," a young girl or maiden, now only used as a literary word, is taken from the old french _dameisele_, formed from _dame_, and parallel with the popular _dansele_ or _doncele_ from the medieval latin _domicella_ or _dominicella_, diminutive of _domina_. the french _damoiselle_ and _demoiselle_ are later formations. the english literary form "damosel" was another importation from france in the 15th century. in the early middle ages _damoiseau_, medieval latin _domicellus_, _dameicele_, _damoiselle_, _domicella_, were used as titles of honour for the unmarried sons and daughters of royal persons and lords (_seigneurs_). later the _damoiseau_ (in the south _donzel_, in bearn _domengar_) was specifically a young man of gentle birth who aspired to knighthood, equivalent to _ecuyer_, esquire, or valet (q.v.). the _damoiseau_ performed certain functions and received training in knightly accomplishments in the domestic service of his lord. later again the name was also used of nobles who had not been knighted. in certain _seigneuries_ in france, notably in that of commercy, in lorraine, _damoiseau_ became the permanent title of the holder. in england the title, when used by the french-speaking nobility and members of the court, was only applied to the son or grandson of the king; thus in the _laws of edward the confessor_, quoted in du cange (_glossarium, s.v. domicellus_), we find "rex vero edgarum ... pro filio nutrivit et quia cogitavit ipsum heredem facere, nominavit _ethelinge_, quod nos domicellum, id, _damisell_; sed nos indiscrete de pluribus dicimus, quia baronum filios vocamus domicellos, angli vero nullos nisi natos regum." froissart calls richard ii. during the lifetime of his father the black prince, _le jeune demoisel_. the use of _damoiselle_ followed much the same development; it was first applied to the unmarried daughters of royal persons and _seigneurs_, then to the wife of a _damoiseau_, and also to the young ladies of gentle birth who performed for the wives of the _seigneurs_ the same domestic services as the _damoiseaus_ for their husbands. hence the later form _demoiselle_ became merely the title of address of a young unmarried lady, the _mademoiselle_ of modern usage, the english "miss." at the court of france, after the 17th century, _mademoiselle_, without the name of the lady, was a courtesy title given to the eldest daughter of the eldest brother of the king, who was known as _monsieur_. to distinguish the daughter of gaston d'orleans, brother of louis xiii., from the daughter of philippe d'orleans, brother of louis xiv., the former, anne marie louise, duchesse de montpensier, was called _la grande mademoiselle_, by which title she is known to history (see montpensier, a. m. l., duchesse de).