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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:dale:a70b911c433a",
    "title": "DALE",
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    "verified_text": "dale, sir thomas (d. 1619), british naval commander and colonial deputy-governor of virginia. from about 1588 to 1609 he was in the service of the low countries with the english army originally under robert dudley, earl of leicester; in 1606, while visiting in england, he was knighted by king james; from 1611 to 1616 he was actually though not always nominally in chief control of the province of virginia either as deputy-governor or as \"high marshall,\" and he is best remembered for the energy and the extreme rigour of his administration there, which established order and in various ways seems to have benefited the colony; he himself declared that he left it \"in great prosperity and peace.\" under him began the first real expansion of the colony with the establishment of the settlement of henrico on and about what was later known as farrar's island; it was he who, about 1614, took the first step toward abolishing the communal system by the introduction of private holdings, and it was during his administration that the first code of laws of virginia, nominally in force from 1610 to 1619, was effectively tested. this code, entitled \"articles, lawes, and orders--divine, politique, and martiall,\" but popularly known as dale's code, was notable for its pitiless severity, and seems to have been prepared in large part by dale himself. he left virginia in 1616 with the intention probably of returning to the service of the low countries, but instead was given command of an english fleet sent against the dutch, defeated the enemy near batavia in the east indies late in the year 1618, arrived at masulipatam in july 1619, and died there on the 9th of the following month. an account of dale's career in virginia is given in alexander brown's _the first republic in america_ (boston, 1898); a scholarly discussion of \"dale's code\" by walter f. prince may be found in vol. i. of the _annual report of the american historical association_ for 1899 (washington, d.c., 1900), and the code itself is reprinted in peter force's _historical tracts_, vol. iii., no. 11. dalecarlia (_dalarne_, \"the dales\"), a west midland region of sweden, virtually coincident with the district (_lan_) of kopparberg, which extends from the mountains of the norwegian frontier to within 25 m. of gefle on the baltic coast. it is a region full of historical associations, and possesses strong local characteristics in respect of its products, and especially of its people. the dalecarlians or dalesmen speak their own peculiar dialect, wear their own peculiar costumes, and are famed for their brave spirit and sturdy love of independence. in 1434, led by engelbrecht, the miner, they rose against the oppressive tyranny of the officers of eric xiv. of denmark, and in 1519-1523 it was among them that gustavus vasa found his staunchest supporters in his patriotic task of freeing sweden from the yoke of the danes. the districts around lakes runn and siljan (\"the eye of the dales\"), the principal sheets of water in the valleys of the dal rivers, are consequently classic ground. by the banks of lake runn, for example, is seen the barn in which vasa threshed corn in disguise, when still a fugitive from the danes. the people are for the most part small peasant proprietors. they eke out their scanty returns from tilling the soil by a variety of home industries, such as making scythes, saws, bells, wooden wares, hair goods, and so forth. about three quarters of the whole district is covered with forest. besides the wealth of the forests, the dales contain some of the largest and most prolific iron mines in sweden, notably those of grangesberg. copper is mined at falun (q.v.), the chief town of kopparberg, and some silver and lead, zinc and sulphur is found. in consequence of this the district has numerous smelting furnaces, blasting and rolling mills, iron and metallurgical works, as well as saw-mills, wood-pulp factories, and chemical works. see g. h. mellin, _skildringar af den skandinaviska nordens folklif og natur_, vol. iii. (1865); and frederika bremer, _i dalarne_ (1845), of which there is an english translation by william and mary howitt (1852). for the dialect, see a paper by a. noreen, in _de svenska landsmalen_, vol. iv. (1881).",
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