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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "verified_text": "dahl, michael (1656-1743), swedish portrait painter, was born at stockholm. he received his first professional education from ernst klocke, who had a respectable position in that northern town, which, however, dahl left in his twenty-second year. his first destination was england, where he did not long remain, but crossed over to paris, and made his way at last to rome, there taking up his abode for a considerable time, painting the portraits of queen christina and other celebrities. in 1688 he returned to england, and became for some years a dangerous rival to kneller. he died in london. his portraits still exist in many houses, but his name is not always preserved with them. nagler (_kunstler-lexicon_) says those at hampton court and at petworth contest the palm with those of the better known and vastly more employed painter. dahl (or dale), vladimir ivanovich (1802-1872), russian author and philologist, was born of scandinavian parentage in 1802, and received his education at the naval cadets' institution at st petersburg. he joined the black sea fleet in 1819; but at a later date he entered the military service, and was thus engaged in the polish campaign of 1831, and in the expedition against khiva. he was afterwards appointed to a medical post in one of the government hospitals at st petersburg, and was ultimately transferred to a situation in the civil service. the latter years of his life were spent at moscow, and he died there on november 3 (october 22), 1872. under the name of kossack lugansky he obtained considerable fame by his stories of russian life:--_the dream and the waking_, _a story of misery_, _happiness, and truth_, _the door-keeper_ (dvernik), _the officer's valet_ (denshchik). his greatest work, however, was a _dictionary of the living russian tongue_ (tolkovyi slovar zhivago velikorusskago yasika), which appeared in four volumes between 1861 and 1866, and is of the most essential service to the student of the popular literature and folk-lore of russia. it was based on the results of his own investigations throughout the various provinces of russia,--investigations which had furnished him with no fewer than 4000 popular tales and upwards of 30,000 proverbs. among his other publications may be mentioned _bemerkungen zu zimmermann's entwurf des kriegstheaters russlands gegen khiwa_, published in german at orenburg, and a _handbook of botany_ (moscow, 1849). a collected edition of his works appeared at st petersburg in 8 volumes, 1860-1861. dahlberg (dahlbergh), erik johansen, count (1625-1703), swedish soldier and engineer, was born at stockholm. his early studies took the direction of the science of fortification, and as an engineer officer he saw service in the latter years of the thirty years' war, and in poland. as adjutant-general and engineer adviser to charles x. (gustavus), he had a great share in the famous crossing of the frozen belts, and at the sieges of copenhagen and kronborg he directed the engineers. in spite of these distinguished services, dahlberg remained an obscure lieutenant-colonel for many years. his patriotism, however, proved superior to the tempting offers charles ii. of england made to induce him to enter the british service, though, in that age of professional soldiering, there was nothing in the offer that a man of honour could not accept. at last his talents were recognized, and in 1676 he became director-general of fortifications. in the wars of the next twenty-five years dahlberg again rendered distinguished service, alike in attack (as at helsingborg in 1677, and dunamunde in 1700) and defence (as in the two sieges of riga in 1700): and his work in repairing the fortresses of his own country, not less important, earned for him the title of the \"vauban of sweden.\" he was also the founder of the swedish engineer corps. he retired as field-marshal in 1702, and died the following year. erik dahlberg was responsible for the fine collection of drawings called _suecia antiqua et hodierna_ (stockholm, 1660-1716; 2nd edition, 1856; 3rd edition, 1864-1865), and assisted pufendorf in his _histoire de charles x gustave_. he wrote a memoir of his life (to be found in svenska bibliotek, 1757) and an account of the campaigns of charles x. (ed. lundblad, stockholm, 1823).",
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