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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:cushman:f0ebc90ce097",
    "title": "CUSHMAN",
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    "verified_text": "cushman, charlotte saunders (1816-1876), american actress, was born in boston, massachusetts, on the 23rd of july 1816. her father, a west india merchant, left his family in straitened circumstances, and charlotte, who had a fine contralto voice, went on the operatic stage. in 1835 she successfully appeared at the tremont theatre as the countess almaviva in _the marriage of figaro_. but her singing voice failing her she entered the drama, and played lady macbeth in the same year. she then engaged herself as a stock actress, but was soon given leading parts. in 1842 she managed and played in the walnut street theatre in philadelphia. she accompanied macready on an american tour, winning a great reputation in tragedy, and in 1845 and in 1854-1855 she fulfilled successful engagements in london. she was a keen student, and acquired a large range of classic roles. her best parts were perhaps lady macbeth and queen katherine, her most popular meg merrilies, in a dramatization of scott's _guy mannering_. her figure was commanding and her face expressive, and she was animated by a temperament full of vigour and fire. these qualities enabled her to play with success such male parts as romeo and cardinal wolsey. during her later years miss cushman worked hard as a dramatic reader, in which capacity she was much appreciated. her last appearance on the stage took place on the 15th of may 1875, at the globe theatre, boston, in which city she died on the 18th of february 1876. see emma stebbins's _charlotte cushman, her letters and memories of her life_ (boston, 1878); h. a. clapp's _reminiscences of a dramatic critic_ (boston, 1902); and w. t. price, _a life of charlotte cushman_ (new york, 1894). cusp (lat. _cuspis_, a spear, point), a projecting point, or pointed end. in architecture (fr. _feuille_, ital. _cuspide_, ger. _knopfe_), a cusp is the point where the foliations of tracery intersect. the earliest example of a plain cusp is probably that at pythagoras school, at cambridge,--of an ornamented cusp at ely cathedral, where a small roll, with a rosette at the end, is formed at the termination of a cusp. in the later styles the terminations of the cusps were more richly decorated; they also sometimes terminate not only in leaves or foliages, but in rosettes, heads and other fanciful ornaments. the term \"feathering\" is used of the junction of the foliated cusps in window tracery, but is usually restricted to those cases where it is ornamented with foliage, &c. custard[1] apple, a name applied to the fruit of various species of the genus _anona_, natural order _anonaceae_. the members of this genus are shrubs or small trees having alternate, exstipulate leaves, and flowers with three small sepals, six petals arranged in a double row and numerous stamens. the fruit of _a. reticulata_, the common custard apple, or \"bullock's heart\" of the west indies, is dark brown in colour, and marked with depressions, which give it a quilted appearance; its pulp is reddish-yellow, sweetish and very soft (whence the name); the kernels of the seeds are said to be poisonous. the sour-sop is the fruit of _a. muricata_, native of the west indies. the plant, which is a small tree, has become naturalized in some parts of india where it is extensively cultivated, as elsewhere in the tropics. it is covered with soft prickles, is of a light-greenish hue, and has a peculiar but agreeable sour taste, and a scent resembling that of black currants. the sweet-sop is produced by _a. squamosa_, also a native of the west indies and widely cultivated in the tropics. it is known as the custard apple by europeans in india. it is an egg-shaped fruit, with a thick rind and luscious pulp. an acrid principle, fatal to insects, is contained in its seeds, leaves and unripe fruits, which, powdered and mixed with the flour of gram (_cicer arietinum_), are used to destroy vermin. _a. cherimolia_ yield the peruvian cherimoyer, which is held to be a fruit of very superior flavour, and is much esteemed by the creoles. _a. palustris_, alligator apple, or cork-wood, a native of south america and the west indies, is valued for its wood, which serves the same purposes as cork; the fruit, commonly known as the alligator-apple, is not eaten, being reputed to contain a dangerous narcotic principle. footnote: [1] the term \"custard,\" now given to a dish made with eggs beaten up with milk, &c., and either served in liquid form or baked to a stiff consistency, originally denoted a kind of open pie. it represents the older form \"crustade,\" fr. _croustade_, ital. _crostata_, from _crostare_, to encrust.",
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