CUNNINGHAM

cunningham, william (1849- ), english economist, was born at edinburgh on the 29th of december 1849. educated at edinburgh academy and university and trinity college, cambridge, he graduated 1st class in the moral science tripos in 1873, and in the same year took holy orders. he was university lecturer in history from 1884 to 1891, in which year he was appointed professor of economics at king's college, london, a post which he held until 1897. he was lecturer in economic history at harvard university (1899), and hulsean lecturer at cambridge (1885). he became vicar of great st mary's, cambridge, in 1887, and was made a fellow of the british academy. in 1906 he was appointed archdeacon of ely. dr cunningham's _growth of english industry and commerce during the early and middle ages_ (1890; 4th ed., 1905) and _growth of english industry and commerce in modern times_ (1882; 3rd ed., 1903) are the standard works of reference on the industrial history of england. he also wrote _the use and abuse of money_ (1891); _alien immigration_ (1897); _western civilization in its economic aspect in ancient times_ (1898), and _in modern times_ (1900), and _the rise and decline of free trade_ (1905). dr cunningham's eminence as an economic historian gave special importance to his attitude as one of the leading supporters of mr chamberlain from 1903 onwards in criticizing the english free-trade policy and advocating tariff reform. cup (in o. e. _cuppe_; generally taken to be from late lat. _cuppa_, a variant of lat. _cupa_, a cask, cf. gr. [greek: kypellon]), a drinking vessel, usually in the form of a half a sphere, with or without a foot or handles. the footless type with a single handle is preserved in the ordinary tea-cup. the cup on a stem with a base is the usual form taken by the cup as used in the celebration of the eucharist, to which the name "chalice" (lat. _calix_, gr. [greek: kylix], a goblet) is generally given. (see drinking vessels and plate.)