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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:cubitt:56373d53a37d",
    "title": "CUBITT",
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    "verified_text": "cubitt, sir william (1785-1861), english engineer, was born in 1785 at dilham in norfolk, where his father was a miller. after serving an apprenticeship of four years (1800-1804) as a joiner and cabinetmaker at stalham, he became associated with an agricultural-machine maker, named cook, who resided at swanton. in 1807 he patented self-regulating sails for windmills, and in 1812 he entered the works of messrs ransome of ipswich, where he soon became chief engineer, and ultimately a partner. meanwhile, the subject of the employment of criminals had been much in his thoughts; and the result was his introduction of the treadmill about 1818. in 1826 he removed to london, where he gained a very large practice as a civil engineer. among his works were the oxford canal, the birmingham & liverpool junction canal, the improvement of the river severn, the bute docks at cardiff, the black sluice drainage and its outfall sluice at boston harbour, the middlesborough docks and coal drops in the tees, and the south-eastern railway, of which he was chief engineer. the hanoverian government consulted him about the harbour and docks at harburg; the water-works of the city of berlin were constructed under his immediate superintendence; he was asked to report on the construction of the paris & lyons railway; and he was consulting engineer for the line from boulogne to amiens. among his later works were two floating landing stages at liverpool, and the bridge for carrying the london turnpike across the medway at rochester. in 1851, when he was president of the institution of civil engineers, he was knighted for his services in connexion with the buildings erected in hyde park for the exhibition of that year. he retired from active work in 1858, and died on the 13th of october 1861 at his house on clapham common, london. his son, joseph cubitt (1811-1872), was trained under him, and was engineer of various railways, including the great northern, london, chatham & dover, and part of the london & south-western. cuchulinn (_cuchulinn_; pronounced \"coohoollin\"), the chief warrior in the conchobar-cuchulinn or older heroic (ulster) cycle of ireland. the story of his origin is very obscure. the god lug is represented as having been swallowed in a draught of wine by his mother dechtire, sister of conchobar, who was king of ulster. but it is not unlikely that this story was invented to supersede the account of the incestuous union of conchobar with his sister, which seems to be hinted at on various occasions. usually, however, he is styled son of sualdam, an ulster warrior who plays a very inferior part in the cycle. his earliest name was setanta, and he was brought up at dun imbrith (louth). when he was six years of age he announced his intention of going to conchobar's court at emain macha (navan rath near armagh) to play with the boys there. he defeats all the boys in marvellous fashion and is received as one of their number. shortly after he kills culann, the smith's hound, a huge watch-dog. the smith laments that all his property is of no value now that his watchman is slain, whereupon the young hero offers to guard his domains until a whelp of the hound's has grown. from this the boy received the name of cu chulinn or culann's hound. the next year cuchulinn receives arms, makes his first foray, and slays the three sons of necht, redoubtable hereditary foes of the ulstermen, in the plain of meath. the men of ulster decide that cuchulinn must marry, as all the women of ireland are in love with him. chosen envoys fail to find a bride worthy of him after a year's search, but the hero goes straight to emer, the daughter of forgall the wily, at lusk (county dublin). the lady is promised to him if he will go to learn chivalry of domnall the soldierly and the amazon scathach in alba. after enduring great hardships he goes through the course and leaves a son connlaech behind in scotland by another amazon, aife. on his return he carries off and weds emer. he is represented as living at dun delgan (dundalk). the greatest of all the hero's achievements was the defence of the frontier of ulster against the forces of medb, queen of connaught, who had come to carry off the famous brown bull of cualnge (cooley). the men of ulster were all suffering from a strange debility, and cuchulinn had to undertake the defence single-handed from november to february. this was when he was seventeen years of age. the cycle contains a large number of episodes, such as the gaining of the champion's portion and the tragical death by the warrior's hand of his own son connlaech. when he was twenty-seven he met with his end at the hands of lugaid, son of curoi macdaire, the famous munster warrior, and the children of calatin dana, in revenge for their father's death (see celt: _irish literature_). medieval christian synchronists make cuchulinn's death take place about the beginning of the christian era. it is not necessary to regard cuchulinn as a form of the solar hero, as some writers have done. most, if not all, of his wonderful attributes may be ascribed to the irish predilection for the grotesque. it is true that cuchulinn seems to stand in a special relation to the tuatha de danann leader, the god lug, but in primitive societies there is always a tendency to ascribe a divine parentage to men who stand out pre-eminently in prowess beyond their fellows. see a. nutt, _cuchulainn, the irish achilles_ (london, 1900); e. hull, _the cuchullin saga_ (london, 1898). (e. c. q.)",
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