CROWN

crown, an english silver coin of the value of five shillings, hence often used to express the sum of five shillings. it was originally of gold and was first coined in the reign of henry viii. edward vi. introduced silver crowns and half-crowns, and down to the reign of charles ii. crowns and half-crowns and sometimes double crowns were struck both in gold and silver. in the reign of edward vi. also was introduced the practice of dating coins and marking them with their current value. the "oxford crown" struck in the reign of charles i. was designed by rawlins (see numismatics: _medieval_). since the reign of charles ii. the crown has been struck in silver only. at one time during the 19th century it was proposed to abandon the issue of the crown, and from 1861 until 1887 none was struck, but since the second issue in 1887 it has been freely in circulation again. crown and coronet, an official or symbolical ornament worn on or round the head. the crown (lat. _corona_) at first had no regal significance. it was a garland, or wreath, of leaves or flowers, conferred on the winners in the athletic games. afterwards it was often made of gold, and among the romans was bestowed as a recognition of honourable service performed or distinction won, and on occasion it took such a form as to correspond with, or indicate the character of, the service rendered. the _corona obsidionalis_ was formed of grass and flowers plucked on the spot and given to the general who conquered a city. the _corona civica_, made of oak leaves with acorns, was bestowed on the soldier who in battle saved the life of a roman citizen. the mural crown (_corona muralis_) was the decoration of the soldier who was the first to scale the walls of a besieged city, and was usually a circlet of gold adorned with a series of turrets. the naval crown (_corona navalis_), decorated in like manner with a series of miniature prows of ships, was the reward of him who gained a notable victory at sea. these latter crowns form charges in english heraldry (see heraldry). many other forms of crown were used by the romans, as the conqueror's triumphal crown of laurel, the myrtle crown, and the convivial, bridal, funeral and other crowns. some of the emperors wore crowns on occasion, as caligula and domitian, at the games, and stellate or spike crowns are depicted on the heads of several of the emperors on their coins, but no idea of imperial sovereignty was indicated thereby. the roman people, who had accepted imperial rule as a fact, were very jealous of the employment of its emblem on the part of their rulers. that emblem was the diadem, and although the diadem and crown are frequently confused with each other they were quite distinct, and it is well to bear this in mind. the diadem, which was of eastern origin, was a fillet or band of linen or silk, richly embroidered, and was worn tied round the forehead. selden (_titles of honour_, chap. viii. sect. 8) says that the diadem and crown "have been from ancient times confounded, yet the diadem strictly was a very different thing from what a crown now is or was, and it was no other then than only a fillet of silk, linen, or some such thing." it is desirable to remember the distinction, for, although diadem and crown are now used as synonymous terms, the two were originally quite distinct. the confusion between them has, perhaps, come about from the fact that the modern crown seems to be rather an evolution from the diadem than the lineal descendant of the older crowns. the linen or silk diadem was eventually exchanged for a flexible band of gold, which was worn in its place round the forehead. the further development of the crown from this was readily effected by the addition of an upper row of ornament. thus the medieval and modern crowns may be considered as radiated diadems, and so the diadem and crown have become, as it were, merged in one another. among the historical crowns of europe, the iron crown of lombardy, now preserved at monza, claims notice. it is a band of iron, enclosed in a circlet formed of six plates of gold, hinged one to the other, and richly jewelled and enamelled. it is regarded with great reverence, owing to a legend that the inner band of iron has been hammered out of one of the nails of the true cross. the crown is so small, the diameter being only 6 in., and the circlet only 2(1/2) in. in width, that doubts have been felt as to whether it was originally intended to be worn on the head or was merely meant to be a votive crown. the legend as to the iron being that of one of the nails of the cross is rejected by muratori and others, and cannot be traced far back. how it arose or how any credence came to be reposed in the legend, it is difficult to surmise. another historical crown is that of charlemagne, preserved at vienna. it is composed of a series of four larger and four smaller plaques of gold, rounded at the tops and set together alternately. the larger plaques are richly ornamented with emeralds and sapphires, and the smaller plaques have each an enamelled figure of our lord, david, solomon, and hezekiah respectively. a jewelled cross rises from the large front plaque, and an arch bearing the name of the emperor conrad springs across from the back of this cross to the back of the crown. at madrid there is preserved the crown of svintilla, king of the visigoths, 621-631. it is a circlet of thick gold set with pearls, sapphires and other stones. it has been given as a votive offering at some period to a church, as was often the custom. attached to its upper rim are the chains whereby to suspend it, and from the lower rim hang letters of red-coloured glass or paste which read +svintilanvs rex offeret. two other visigothic crowns are also preserved with it in the armeria real. [illustration: fig. 1.--the papal tiara (without the _infulae_).] [illustration: figs. 2-4 from meyer's _konversations lexikon_. fig. 2.--crown of the holy roman empire.] [illustration: fig. 3.--crown of the german empire.] [illustration: fig. 4.--crown of the austrian empire.] in 1858 a most remarkable discovery was made near toledo, of eight gold crowns of the 7th century, fashioned lavishly with barbaric splendour. they are now in the cluny museum at paris, having been purchased for