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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:cranworth:5a47ff8f55ae",
    "title": "CRANWORTH",
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    "verified_text": "cranworth, robert monsey rolfe, baron (1790-1868), lord chancellor of england, elder son of the rev. e. rolfe, was born at cranworth, norfolk, on the 18th of december 1790. educated at bury st edmunds, winchester, and trinity college, cambridge, he was called to the bar at lincoln's inn in 1816, and attached himself to the chancery courts. he represented penryn and falmouth in parliament from 1832 till his promotion to the bench as baron of the exchequer in 1839. in 1850 he was appointed a vice-chancellor and created baron cranworth, and in 1852 he became lord chancellor in aberdeen's ministry. he continued to hold the chancellorship in the administration of palmerston until the latter's resignation in 1857. he was not reappointed when palmerston returned to office in 1859, but on the retirement of lord westbury in 1865 he accepted the great seal for a second time, and held it till the fall of the russell administration in 1866. cranworth died in london on the 26th of july 1868. never a very zealous law reformer, cranworth's name is associated in the statute book with only one small measure on conveyancing. but as a judge he will continue to hold first rank. his judgments were marked by sound common sense, while he himself was remarkably free from the prejudices of his profession. few men of his day enjoyed greater personal popularity than cranworth. he left no issue and the title became extinct on his death. see _the times_, 27th of july 1868; e. manson, _the builders of our law_ (1904); e. foss, _the judges of england_ (1848-1864); j. b. atlay, _lives of the chancellors_, vol. ii. (1908). crape (an anglicized version of the fr. _crepe_), a silk fabric of a gauzy texture, having a peculiar crisp or crimpy appearance. it is woven of hard spun silk yarn \"in the gum\" or natural condition. there are two distinct varieties of the textile--soft, canton or oriental crape, and hard or crisped crape. the wavy appearance of canton crape results from the peculiar manner in which the weft is prepared, the yarn from two bobbins being twisted together in the reverse way. the fabric when woven is smooth and even, having no _crepe_ appearance, but when the gum is subsequently extracted by boiling it at once becomes soft, and the weft, losing its twist, gives the fabric the waved structure which constitutes its distinguishing feature. canton crapes are used, either white or coloured, for ladies' scarves and shawls, bonnet trimmings, &c. the chinese and japanese excel in the manufacture of soft crapes. the crisp and elastic structure of hard crape is not produced either in the spinning or in the weaving, but is due to processes through which the gauze passes after it is woven. what the details of these processes are is known to only a few manufacturers, who so jealously guard their secret that, in some cases, the different stages in the manufacture are conducted in towns far removed from each other. commercially they are distinguished as single, double, three-ply and four-ply crapes, according to the nature of the yarn used in their manufacture. they are almost exclusively dyed black and used in mourning dress, and among roman catholic communities for nuns' veils, &c. in great britain hard crapes are made at braintree in essex, norwich, yarmouth, manchester and glasgow. the crape formerly made at norwich was made with a silk warp and worsted weft, and is said to have afterwards degenerated into bombazine. a very successful imitation of real crape is made in manchester of cotton yarn, and sold under the name of victoria crape.",
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