COVILHA

covilha, a town of portugal, in the district of castello branco, formerly included in the province of beira; on the eastern slope of the serra da estrella, and on the abrantes-guarda railway. pop. (1900) 15,469. covilha, which has been often compared with a collection of swallows' nests clinging to the rugged granitic mountain side, is shaped like an amphitheatre of closely crowded houses, overlooking the river zezere and its wild valley from a height of 2180 ft. over 4000 operatives are employed in the manufacture of _saragoca_, a coarse brown cloth worn by the peasantry throughout portugal. the village of unhaes da serra (1507), 6 m. w.s.w., is noted for its sulphurous springs and baths. covilham (covilhao, covilha), pero or pedro de portuguese explorer and diplomatist (fl. 1487-1525), was a native of covilha in beira. in early life he had gone to castile and entered the service of alphonso, duke of seville; later, when war broke out between castile and portugal, he returned to his own country, and attached himself, first as a "groom," then as a "squire," to king alphonso v. and his successor john ii. on the 7th of may 1487, he was despatched, in company with alphonso de payva, on a mission of exploration in the levant and adjoining regions of asia and africa, with the special object of learning where "cinnamon and other spices could be found," as well as of discovering the land of prester john, by "overland" routes. bartholomeu diaz, at this very time, went out to find the prester's country, as well as the termination of the african continent and the ocean route to india, by sea. covilham and payva were provided with a "letter of credence for all the countries of the world" and with a "map for navigating, taken from the map of the world" and compiled by bishop calcadilha, and doctors rodrigo and moyses. the first two of these were prominent members of the commission which advised the portuguese government to reject the proposals of columbus. the explorers started from santarem and travelled by barcelona to naples, where their bills of exchange were paid by the sons of cosimo de' medici; thence they passed to rhodes, where they lodged with two other portuguese, and so to alexandria and cairo, where they posed as merchants. in company with certain moors from fez and tlemcen they now went by way of tor to suakin and aden, where (as it was now monsoon time) they parted, covilham proceeding to india and payva to ethiopia--the two companions agreeing to meet again in cairo. covilham thus arrived at cannanore and calicut, whence he retraced his course to goa and ormuz, the red sea and cairo, making an excursion on his way down the east african coast to sofala, which he was probably the first european to visit. at cairo he heard of payva's death, and met with two portuguese jews--rabbi abraham of beja, and joseph, a shoe-maker of lamego--who had been sent by king john with letters for covilham and payva. by joseph of lamego covilham replied with an account of his indian and african journeys, and of his observations on the cinnamon, pepper and clove trade at calicut, together with advice as to the ocean way to india. this he truly represented as quite practicable: "to this they (of portugal) could navigate by their coast and the seas of guinea." the first objective in the eastern ocean, he added, was sofala or the island of the moon, our madagascar--"from each of these lands one can fetch the coast of calicut." with this information joseph returned to portugal, while covilham, with abraham of beja, again visited aden and ormuz. at the latter he left the rabbi; and himself came back to jidda, the port of the arabian holy land, and penetrated (as he told alvarez many years later) even to mecca and medina. finally, by mount sinai, tor and the red sea, he reached zeila, whence he struck inland to the court of prester john (i.e. abyssinia). here he was honourably received; lands and lordships were bestowed upon him; but he was not permitted to leave. when the portuguese embassy under rodrigo de lima, including father francisco alvarez, entered abyssinia in 1520, covilham wept with joy at the sight of his fellow-countrymen. it was then forty years since he had left portugal, and over thirty since he had been a prisoner of state in "ethiopia." alvarez, who professed to know him well, and to have heard the story of his life, both "in confession and out of it," praises his power of vivid description "as if things were present before him," and his extraordinary knowledge of "all spoken languages of christians, moors and gentiles." his services as an interpreter were valuable to rodrigo de lima's embassy; but he never succeeded in escaping from abyssinia. see francisco alvarez, _verdadera informacam das terras do preste joam_, esp. chs. 73, 89, 98, 102-103, 105 (pp. 177, 224, 254, 264, 265-270, 275, of the hakluyt society's english edition, _the portuguese embassy to abyssinia ... 1520-1727_, london, 1881); an abstract of this, with some inaccuracies, is given in major's _prince henry the navigator_ (london, 1868), pp. 339-340. covin (from the fr. _covine_, or _couvine_, from lat. _convenire_, to come together), an association of persons, so used in the statute of labourers of 1360, which, _inter alia_, declared void "all alliances and covins of masons and carpenters." the more common use of the term in english law was for a secret agreement between persons to cheat and defraud, but the word is now obsolete, and has been superseded by "collusion" or "conspiracy to cheat and defraud."