CORRENTI

correnti, cesare (1815-1888), italian revolutionist and politician, was born on the 3rd of january 1815, at milan, of a poor but noble family. while employed in the public debt administration, he flooded lombardy with revolutionary pamphlets designed to excite hatred against the austrians, and in 1848 proposed the general abstention of the milanese from smoking, which gave rise to the insurrection known as the five days. during the revolt he was one of the leading spirits of the operations of the insurgents. until the reoccupation of milan by the austrians he was secretary-general of the provisional government, but afterwards he fled to piedmont, whence he again distributed his revolutionary pamphlets throughout lombardy, earning a precarious livelihood by journalism. elected deputy in 1849, he worked strenuously for the national cause, supporting cavour in his crimean policy, although he belonged to the left. after the annexation of lombardy he was made commissioner for the liquidation of the lombardo-venetian debt, in 1860 was appointed councillor of state, and received various other public positions, especially in connexion with the railway and financial administration. he veered round to the right, and in 1867 and again in 1869 he held the portfolio of education; he played an important part in the events consequent upon the occupation of rome, and helped to draft the law of guarantees. as minister of education he suppressed the theological faculties in the italian universities, but eventually resigned office and allied himself with the left again on account of conservative opposition to his reforms. his defection from the right ultimately assured the advent of the left to power in 1876; and while declining office, he remained chief adviser of agostino depretis until the latter's death. on several occasions--notably in connexion with the redemption of the italian railways, and with the paris exhibition of 1878--he acted as representative of the government. in 1877 he was given the lucrative appointment of secretary of the order of saints maurice and lazarus by depretis, and in 1886 was created senator. he died at rome on the 4th of october 1888. he left a considerable body of writings on a variety of subjects, none of which is of exceptional merit. see e. massarani, _cesare correnti nella vita e nelle opere_ (1890); and l. carpi, _il risorgimento italiano_, vol. iv. (milan, 1888). (l. v.*) correspondence (from med. scholastic lat. _correspondentia_, _correspondere_, compounded of lat. _cum_, with, and _respondere_, to answer; cf. fr. _correspondence_), strictly a mutual agreement or fitness of parts or character, that which fits or answers to a requirement in another, or more generally a similarity or parallelism. in the 17th and 18th centuries the word was frequently applied to relations and communications between states. it is now, outside special applications, chiefly applied to the interchange of communications by letter, or to the letters themselves, between private individuals, states, business houses, or from individuals to the press. the "doctrine of correspondence or correspondences," one of the leading tenets of swedenborgianism, is that every natural object corresponds to and typifies some spiritual principle or truth, this being the only key to the true interpretation of scripture. in mathematics, the term "correspondence" implies the existence of some relation between the members of two groups of objects. if each object of one group corresponds to one and only one object of the second, and vice versa, then a one-to-one correspondence exists between the groups. if each object of the first group corresponds to [beta] objects of the second group, and each object of the second group corresponds to a objects of the first group, then an [alpha] to [beta] correspondence exists between the two groups. for examples of the application of this notion see curve. correze, a department of south-central france, formed from the southern portion of the old province of limousin, bounded n. by the departments of haute-vienne and creuse, e, by puy-de-dome, s.e. by cantal, s. by lot, and w. by dordogne. area, 2273 sq. m. pop. (1906) 317,430. correze is situated on the western fringe of the central plateau of france. it forms a hilly tableland elevated in the east and north, and intersected by numerous fertile river valleys, trending for the most part to the south and south-west. the highest points, many of which exceed 3000 ft., are found in the north, where the plateau de millevaches separates the basins of the loire and the garonne. except for a small district in the extreme north, which is watered by the vienne, correze belongs to the basin of the garonne. the dordogne waters its south-eastern region. the correze, from which the department takes its name, and the vezere, of which the correze is the chief tributary, rise in the plateau de millevaches, flow south-west, and unite to the west of brive. the climate of correze is, in general, cold, damp and variable, except in the south-west, where it is mild and agreeable. the majority of the inhabitants live by agriculture. about one-third of the department is arable land, most of which is found in the south-west. rye, buckwheat and wheat (in the order named) are the most abundant cereals. hemp, flax and tobacco are also grown. the more elevated regions of the north and east are given over to pasture, sheep being specially numerous on the plateau de millevaches. pigs and goats are reared to a considerable extent; and poultry-farming and cheese-making are much practised. the vineyards of the neighbourhood of brive produce wine of medium quality. chestnuts, largely used as an article of food, walnuts and cider-apples are the chief fruits. coal in small quantities, slate, building-stone and other stone are the mineral products, and clay, used in potteries and tile-works, is also worked. the most important industrial establishment is the government manufactory of fire-arms at tulle. there are flour-mills, breweries, oil-works, saw-mills and dye-works; and hats (bort), coarse woollens, silk, preserved foods, wooden shoes, chairs, paper and leather are manufactured. coal and raw materials for textile industries are leading imports; live stock and agricultural products are the chief exports. the department is served by the orleans railway, and the dordogne is navigable. the department is divided into the arrondissements of tulle, brive and ussel, containing 29 cantons and 289 communes. it belongs to the archdiocese of bourges, the region of the xii. army corps, and the _academie_ (educational division) of clermont-ferrand. its court of appeal is at limoges. tulle, the capital, and brive are the principal towns of the department. uzerche is a picturesque old town on the vezere, with a romanesque church, old houses, a gate and other remains of medieval fortifications. at aubazine (or obazine) there is a romanesque church of the 12th century, formerly belonging to the celebrated cistercian abbey, of which etienne "of obazine" (d. 1159 and subsequently beatified) was the founder and first abbot. it contains the fine sculptured tomb of the founder. to the same style belong the abbey church of beaulieu, the south portal of which is elaborately carved, the abbey church of meymac, and the abbey church of vigeois. treignac, with its church, bridge and ramparts of the 15th century, and turenne, dominated by the ruins of the castle of the famous family of that name, are ancient and interesting towns. the dolmen at espartignac and the cromlech of aubazine are the chief megalithic remains in the department. a roman eagle and other antiquities have been found close to ussel, which at the end of the 16th century became the centre of the duchy of ventadour.