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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:cognac:5c7344c7eaa3",
    "title": "COGNAC",
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    "verified_text": "cognac, a town of south-western france, capital of an arrondissement in the department of charente, on the left bank of the river charente, 32 m. w. of angouleme on the ouest-etat railway, between angouleme and saintes. pop. (1906) 18,389. the streets of the old town--which borders the river--are narrow and tortuous, but the newer parts are well provided with open spaces. the chief of these is the beautiful parc francois 1er overlooking the charente. in one of the squares there is a statue of francis i., who was born here. the chief building is a church of the 12th century dedicated to st leger, which preserves a fine romanesque facade and a tower of the 15th century. a castle of the 15th and 16th centuries, once the residence of the counts of angouleme, now a storehouse for brandy, and a medieval gate stand in the older part of the town. cognac is the seat of a subprefect and has tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a council of trade arbitrators, a chamber of commerce, and consulates of the united states, spain and portugal. its most important industry is the distillation of the brandy (q.v.) to which the town gives its name. large quantities are carried, by way of the river, to the neighbouring port of tonnay-charente. the industries subsidiary to the brandy trade, such as the making of cases and bottles, occupy many hands. ironware is also manufactured, and a considerable trade is maintained in grain and cattle. in 1526 cognac gave its name to a treaty concluded against charles v. by francis i., the pope, venice and milan. its possession was contested during the wars of religion, and in 1570 it became one of the huguenot strongholds. in 1651 it successfully sustained a siege against louis ii., prince of conde, leader of the fronde. see _le pays du cognac_, by l. ravaz, for a description of the district and its viticulture. cognition (latin _cognitio_, from _cognoscere_, to become acquainted with), in psychology, a term used in its most general sense for all modes of being conscious or aware of an object, whether material or intellectual. it is an ultimate mode of consciousness, strictly the presentation (through sensation or otherwise) of an object to consciousness; in its complete form, however, it seems to involve a judgment, i.e. the separation from other objects of the object presented. the psychological theory of cognition takes for granted the dualism of the mind that knows and the object known; it takes no account of the metaphysical problem as to the possibility of a relation between the ego and the non-ego, but assumes that such a relation does exist. cognition is therefore distinct from emotion and conation; it has no psychological connexion with feelings of pleasure and pain, nor does it tend as such to issue in action. for the analysis of cognition-reactions see o. kulpe, _outlines of psychology_ (eng. trans., 1895), pp. 411 foll.; e. b. titchener, _experimental psychology_ (1905), ii. 187 foll. on cognition generally, g. f. stout's _analytic psychology and manual of psychology_; w. james's _principles of psychology_ (1890), i. 216 foll.; also article psychology. cognizance (lat. _cognoscere_, to know), knowledge, notice, especially judicial notice, the right of trying or considering a case judicially, the exercise of jurisdiction by a court of law. in heraldry a \"cognizance\" is an emblem, badge or device, used as a distinguishing mark by the body of retainers of a royal or noble house. cohen (hebrew for \"priest\"), a jewish family name, implying descent from the ancient hebrew priests. many families claiming such descent are, however, not named cohen. other forms of the name are cohn, cowen, kahn. see j. jacobs, _jewish encyclopedia_, iv. 144.",
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